Despite the astronauts ' test pilot experience NASA at first envisioned them as " minor participants " during their flights, causing many conflicts between the astronauts and engineers during the spacecraft's design.

It was originally detailed in a research paper by NASA engineers Robert Zubrin and David Baker in 1990, and later expanded upon in Zubrin's 1996 book The Case for Mars.

NASA engineers and astronauts have used duct tape in the course of their work, including in some emergency situations.

" Gus " Roche and Phil Ray, both NASA engineers.

It should be noted that many engineers involved in this and similar Avro designs were later heavily involved in NASA Projects Mercury Gemini, and Apollo.

This patch was not designed by NASA but by the engineers at Grumman Aircraft who designed and built the Lunar Module.

This brought Wernher von Braun and the German Operation Paperclip scientists and engineers to Huntsville, forming the foundation to what eventual became the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.

* NASA engineers had not yet worked out the idiosyncrasies of orbital mechanics involved in rendezvous, which are counter-intuitive.

The film tells a somewhat fictionalised story of three Australian scientists / engineers ( Neill, Harrington, Long ) and their American NASA representative ( Warburton ).

Not only did this confirm that NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers, but the disparity engaged Feynman's emotions.

Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about the O-ring seals by engineers at Morton Thiokol, which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management.

Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus from shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of the shuttle's reliability.

In working on the J-2X, NASA engineers visited museums, searched for Apollo-era documentation and consulted with engineers who worked on the Apollo program.

In these two examples, shedding foam and failing o-rings, the organization failed to react correctly to the seriousness of the problem: in both cases, whereas engineers recognized the seriousness of the problem, NASA management dismissed both the evidence and the engineers ' expertise and ultimately decided to continue with the mission, with catastrophic results.

The crew was forced to use a slow, encrypted transmission method, likely causing the images NASA engineers received to be of poor quality, causing them to think the damage was actually " just lights and shadows ".

Such a mission profile was studied, and discarded by NASA engineers.

As of February 2007, many of the engineers working on the SIM program had moved on to other areas and projects, and NASA directed the project to allocate its resources toward engineering risk reduction.

The capability was developed to photograph Soviet spacecraft, but was first used to aid NASA engineers designing repairs for the damaged Skylab space station in 1973.

The orbital mechanics of rendezvous were not yet well understood by NASA engineers.

Most recently, in 2008, he was a featured guest in a Volkswagen commercial, where he argued with a black Beetle about who has more engineers between Volkswagen and NASA.

* The Hunt for Zero Point ( 2003 )-The long quest to develop antigravity vehicles and the sometimes eccentric characters who have played a part in it: Nazi rocket engineers, backyard inventors, NASA scientists, conspiracy theorists, and UFO watchers.

Notable and popular were the eight " Mike Mars " books for children, which explored different facets of the NASA space program.

During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) and the military space programs to the individual Services.

In March 1961 Singer and another University of Maryland physicist, E. J. Opik, were given a $ 97, 000 grant by NASA to conduct a three-year study of interplanetary gas and dust.

So far the only benefits of this type have been " spin-off " technologies which were developed for space missions and then were found to be at least as useful in other activities ( NASA publicizes spin-offs from its activities ).

The NASA designs were conceived as replacements for the upper stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle, but the tests revealed reliability problems, mainly caused by the vibration and heating involved in running the engines at such high thrust levels.

On August 30, 2007, a group of JPL employees filed suit in federal court against NASA, Caltech, and the Department of Commerce, claiming their Constitutional rights were being violated by new, overly invasive background investigations.

A lifelong inventor, Lovelock has created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which were designed for NASA in its program of planetary exploration.

Due to health reasons these plans were cancelled, and they remained in the U. S., where Larry instead joined the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory after he finished graduate school.

In the NASA Apollo space missions to the moon in the 1960s and 1970s, all onboard computations for primary guidance, navigation and control were provided by a small custom processor called " The Apollo Guidance Computer ".

Early planning and research were carried out by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ), but the program was officially conducted by its successor organization, NASA.

A number of Mercury boilerplate spacecraft ( including mockup / prototype / replica spacecraft, made from non-flight materials or lacking production spacecraft systems and / or hardware ) were also made by NASA and McDonnell Aircraft.

Mars Direct was featured on a Discovery Channel programs Mars: The Next Frontier in which issues were discussed surrounding NASA funding of the project, and on Mars Underground, where the plan is discussed more in-depth.

Recent research has been cited by NASA hypothesizing that a large number of Oort cloud objects are the product of an exchange of materials between the Sun and its sibling stars as they formed and drifted apart, and it is suggested that many-possibly the majority-of Oort cloud objects were not formed in close proximity to the Sun.

Due to Columbia's heavier weight, it was less ideal for NASA to use it for missions to the International Space Station, though modifications were made to the Shuttle during its last refit in case the spacecraft was needed for such tasks.

" The target dates were adjusted because critical payload hardware for STS-133 will not be ready in time to support the previously planned 16 September launch ," NASA said in a statement.

Food was also important ; early Apollo crews complained about its quality, and a NASA volunteer found living on the Apollo food for four days on Earth to be intolerable ; its taste and composition, in the form of cubes and squeeze tubes, were unpleasant.

Unnamed climate scientists from NASA, Stanford University and Princeton who were contacted by ABC News dismissed the same report as " fabricated nonsense .".

* Vacuum channel transistor: In 2012, NASA and the National Nanofab Center in South Korea were reported to have built a prototype vacuum channel transistor in only 150 nanometers in size, can be manufactured cheaply using standard silicon semiconductor processing, can operate at high speeds even in hostile environments, and could consume just as much power as a standard transistor.

The WMO's findings were later echoed by the NASA and the NOAA.

However by July 1963 NASA discovered 14 out of the 16 astronauts could not fit themselves into the cabin and later cockpits were modified.

In a joking nod to the sinking of his Mercury craft Grissom named the first Gemini spacecraft Molly Brown after the popular Broadway show The Unsinkable Molly Brown ; NASA publicity officials were unhappy with this name.

All the artifacts were returned to them except the spacesuit, which NASA claimed was government property.

Although the Buran spacecraft was similar in appearance to the NASA Space Shuttle, and could similarly function as a re-entry spaceplane, the main engines during launch were on the Energia rocket and not taken into orbit on the spacecraft.