However, NMR experiments are able to provide information from which a subset of distances between pairs of atoms can be estimated, and the final possible conformations for a protein are determined by solving a distance geometry problem.

Thus, in order to solve this unsettled problem, there have been numerous experiments such as photoelectron spectroscopy, NMR, specific heat measurement, etc.

After returning to Switzerland, Wüthrich collabrated with among others nobel laureate Richard R. Ernst on developing the first 2 dimensional NMR experiments, and established the nuclear Overhauser effect as a convenient way of measuring distances within proteins.

Furthermore, there are signals in multidimensional NMR experiments that indicate that stable, non-local amino acid interactions are absent for polypeptides in a random-coil conformation.

In more recent decades, some liquid helium has been used as a cryogenic refrigerant, and liquid helium is produced commercially for use in superconducting magnets such as those used in magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), and experiments in physics.

In the last years, these Halbach dipoles have been used to conduct low-field NMR experiments.

It has been particularly designed for solving instances of the problem in which the data come from NMR experiments, and it includes different functionalities.

His research into sodium and potassium in living cells led him to his first experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) which caused him to first propose the MR body scanner in 1969.

< sup > 1 </ sup > H and < sup > 13 </ sup > C aren't the only nuclei susceptible to NMR experiments.

A number of different nuclei can also be detected, although the use of such techniques is generally rare due to small relative sensitivities in NMR experiments ( compared to < sup > 1 </ sup > H ) of the nuclei in question, the other factor for rare use being their slender representation in nature / organic compounds.

His contribution to the interpretation of the phenomenon of unusual retardation and enhancement in polymer dissolution is pathbreaking, since he was the first to show the crucial role of disengagement dynamics in dissolution, for which he provided a direct evidence through some probing in-situ NMR experiments.

Chemists are focusing on the energy exchange of different binding interactions and trying to develop scientific experiments to quantify the fundamental origins of these non-covalent interactions by utilizing various techniques such as NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, surface tension, and UV-Vis Spectroscopy.

In nuclear magnetic resonance, magic angle spinning ( MAS ) is a technique often used to perform experiments in solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

As with pulsed NMR, the Hahn echo is central to many pulsed EPR experiments.

A fundamental RF pulse sequence and building-block in most solid-state NMR experiments starts with cross-polarization ( CP ) et al ..

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) is a technique by which external magnetic fields can be used to find resonance modes of individual electrons, thus giving information about the atomic, molecular and bond structure of their neighborhood.

For instance, diamagnetism, birefringence, Raman scattering, NMR and EPR can also be used to determine S.

In a 1971 paper in the journal Science, Dr. Raymond Damadian, an Armenian-American physician, scientist, and professor at the Downstate Medical Center State University of New York ( SUNY ), reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (" NMR ").

Common experimental methods of structure determination include X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, both of which can produce information at atomic resolution.

Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for NMR spectroscopy.

A second common way of solving protein structures uses NMR, which provides somewhat lower-resolution data in general and is limited to relatively small proteins, but can provide time-dependent information about the motion of a protein in solution.

Moreover, crystallography can solve structures of arbitrarily large molecules, whereas solution-state NMR is restricted to relatively small ones ( less than 70 kDa ).

Such NMR tubes can be heated without the loss of solvent thanks to the valve's gas-tight seal.

It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy including optical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR, FT-NIRS ), nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( MRSI ), mass spectrometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.

Experimentally, pK < sub > a </ sub > values can be determined by potentiometric ( pH ) titration, but for values of pK < sub > a </ sub > less than about 2 or more than about 11, spectrophotometric or NMR measurements may be required due to practical difficulties with pH measurements.

These methods can be used for two or more sequences and typically produce local alignments ; however, because they depend on the availability of structural information, they can only be used for sequences whose corresponding structures are known ( usually through X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy ).

Fortunately, there are many sample preparation conditions that can be chosen for crystallization and for solution NMR.

For liquid samples, the susceptibility can be measured from the dependence of the NMR frequency of the sample on its shape or orientation.

Cyclopropylcarbinyl cations can be studied by NMR:

* H-2 ( deuterium ), the stable isotope of hydrogen, is a stable tracer, the concentration of which can be measured by mass spectrometry or NMR.

In principle, most analytical techniques can be used, or easily adapted, to monitor the temperature-dependent properties of foods, e. g., spectroscopic ( NMR, UV-visible, IR spectroscopy, fluorescence ), scattering ( light, X-rays, neutrons ), physical ( mass, density, rheology, heat capacity ) etc.

The objective is develop models which can be used to predict properties of interest based on measured properties of the chemical system, such as pressure, flow, temperature, infrared, Raman, NMR spectra and mass spectra.

Proteins in the native state will have defined secondary structure, which can be detected spectroscopically, by circular dichroism and by nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).

The native state of a protein can be distinguished from a molten globule, by among other things, distances measured by NMR.

The methods by which one can determine the structure of a molecule include spectroscopy, such as nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and x-ray crystallography ( x-ray diffraction ).

The EFG couples with the nuclear electric quadrupole moment of quadrupolar nuclei ( those with spin quantum number greater than one-half ) to generate an effect which can be measured using several spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR, ESR ), nuclear quadrupole resonance ( NQR ), Mössbauer spectroscopy or perturbed angular correlation ( PAC ).

Different organolithium aggregation states are encountered in the simple deprotonation of the terminal alkyne ( phenylthio ) acetylene by n-butyllithium in THF at-135 ° C, a process that can be followed by < sup > 7 </ sup > Li NMR spectroscopy:

Tacticity may be measured directly using proton or carbon-13 NMR.

Proton precession magnetometers, also known as proton magnetometers, PPMs or simply mags, measure the resonance frequency of protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) in the magnetic field to be measured, due to nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).

At length George Hudson took control of the NMR and adopted Robert Stephenson's suggestion that the best outcome would be for the three lines to merge.

Before birth, complex ultrasounds performed routinely during pregnancy may indicate the presence of cerebral abnormality, but this method of diagnosis should be complemented by other methods, such as genetic studies and NMR, and the examination is not recommended as part of routine ultrasound examinations, unless family medical history or other reasons for suspecting brain malformation are present.

Subsequent to its discovery, the NOE was shown to be highly useful in NMR spectroscopy for characterizing and refining organic chemical structures.

In 2002, Kurt Wüthrich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for demonstrating that the NOE could be exploited using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules in solution.