Ketoprofen should not be used in combination with other NSAIDs or corticosteroids, as this increases the risk of gastrointestinal ( GI ) ulceration.

In theory the COX-2 selectivity should result in a significantly lower incidence of gastrointestinal ulceration than traditional NSAIDs.

In February 2007, the American Heart Association warned that celecoxib should be used " as a last resort on patients who have heart disease or a risk of developing it ", and suggested that paracetamol ( acetaminophen ), or certain older NSAIDs, such as naproxen, may be safer choices for chronic pain relief in these patients.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), muscle relaxants and opioid analgesics are often used to treat low back pain, but evidence of their efficacy is lacking and they should have a limited role in treatment.

Phenylbutazone should not be used in combination with antiplatelet drugs ( e. g., coumadin or warfarin ), as it amplifies the anticoagulant effects of these drugs ; with other NSAIDs ( all NSAIDs are additive ); or in horses with known kidney or liver problems.

NSAIDs though once used to treat Dressler syndrome, are less advocated and should be avoided in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Cystinurics have an increased risk for chronic kidney disease and since kidney damage or poor function is often present in cystinurics, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) or over the counter ( OTC ) medications should be used with caution.

The horse should receive several days of NSAIDs, rest, and grain or pellets should be withheld.

Etodolac should be avoided by patients with a history of asthma attacks, hives, or other allergic reactions to aspirin or other NSAIDs.

NSAIDs should be discontinued prior to elective surgery because of a mild interference with clotting that is characteristic of this group of medicines.

Ketoprofen can also be used for treatment of some pain, especially nerve pain such as sciatica, postherpetic neuralgia and referred pain for radiculopathy, in the form of a cream, ointment, liquid, spray, or gel, which also contains ketamine and lidocaine, along with other agents which may be useful, such as cyclobenzaprine, amitryptiline, acyclovir, gabapentin, orphenadrine and other drugs used as NSAIDs or adjuvant, atypical or potentiators for pain treatment.

In addition, people on daily aspirin therapy ( e. g., for reducing cardiovascular risk ) must be careful if they also use other NSAIDs, as the latter may block the cardioprotective effects of aspirin.

If this link is proven causal, researchers estimate that NSAIDs would be responsible for up to 20 percent of hospital admissions for congestive heart failure.

NSAIDs cause hypocoagulability, which may be serious when combined with other drugs that also decrease blood clotting, such as warfarin.

NSAIDs can be classified based on their chemical structure or mechanism of action.

A range of NSAIDs ( nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ) can be used to ease painful symptoms, such as naproxen.

For those at risk of gastric side effects from NSAIDs, an additional proton pump inhibitor may be given.

Glucocorticoids have been found as effective as NSAIDs and may be used if contraindications exist for NSAIDs.

Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs.

Patients who are taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories ( NSAIDs ) may also be prescribed a prostaglandin analogue ( Misoprostol ) in order to help prevent peptic ulcers, which are a side-effect of the NSAIDs.

In terms of pharmacotherapies, NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may be used to reduce fever and pain.

Other NSAIDs were also found to be toxic, to Gyps as well as other birds such as storks.

* Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as Ibuprofen, Naproxen or other NSAIDs can be used as part of treating sprains and strains

Additionally, control of symptoms with pain medications ( NSAIDs ), muscle relaxants, and warm compresses may be used.

Orthotics can produce early relief to the tendon by the correction of malalignments, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) are generally to be avoided as they make the more-common tendinopathy ( degenerative ) injuries worse ; though they may very occasionally be indicated for the rarer tendinitis ( inflammatory ) injuries.

People who are unable to take the more common NSAIDs, may be prescribed a COX-2 inhibitor.

For example, a 2007 Cochrane review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in relieving painful menstruation, compared to conventional medicine such as NSAIDs and the oral contraceptive pill, but the findings have to be interpreted with caution due to the generally low methodological quality of the included studies ( as, amongst others, data for placebo control could not be obtained ).

However, acetaminophen may be administered as a single medication or in combination with other analgesics ( both NSAIDs and opioids ).

Both first-generation ( such as amitriptyline ) and newer anti-depressants ( such as duloxetine ) are used alongside NSAIDs and opioids for pain involving nerve damage and similar problems.

NSAIDs are also used in the acute pain caused by gout because they inhibit urate crystal phagocytosis besides inhibition of prostaglandin synthase.

There is little difference in clinical efficacy among the NSAIDs when used at equivalent doses.

A consumer report noted that ibuprofen, naproxen, and salsalate are less expensive than other NSAIDs, and essentially as effective and safe when used appropriately to treat osteoarthritis and pain.

* Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ; e. g., ibuprofen ) have been used to treat pain.

Analgesics, antipyretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and corticosteroids have been used.

Typical NSAIDs used for hip dysplasia include carprofen and meloxicam ( often sold as Rimadyl and Metacam respectively ), both used to treat arthritis resulting from dysplasia, although other NSAIDs such as tepoxalin ( Zubrin ) and prednoleucotropin (" PLT ", a combination of cinchophen and prednisolone ) are sometimes tried.

Acetaminophen / paracetamol is used first line and NSAIDs are only recommended as add on therapy if pain relief is not sufficient.

Muscle relaxants for acute and chronic pain have some benefit, and are more effective in relieving pain and spasms when used in combination with NSAIDs.

The margin of safety for all NSAIDs is narrow in the dog, and other NSAIDs are more commonly used ( etodolac, and carprofen ).

Research suggested that most of the adverse effects of NSAIDs were mediated by blocking the COX1 ( constitutive ) enzyme, with the analgesic effects being mediated by the COX2 ( inducible ) enzyme.

These drugs ( such as rofecoxib, celecoxib and etoricoxib ) are equally effective analgesics when compared with NSAIDs, but cause less gastrointestinal hemorrhage in particular.

The two main adverse drug reactions ( ADRs ) associated with NSAIDs relate to gastrointestinal ( GI ) effects and renal effects of the agents.

NSAIDs, like all drugs, may interact with other medications.

NSAIDs aside from ( low-dose ) aspirin are associated with a doubled risk of symptomatic heart failure in patients without a history of cardiac disease.

In patients with such a history, however, use of NSAIDs ( aside from low-dose aspirin ) was associated with more than 10-fold increase in heart failure.

In people with heart failure, NSAIDs increase mortality risk by approximately 1. 2-1. 3 for naproxen and ibuprofen, 1. 7 for rofecoxib and celecoxib, and 2. 1 for diclofenac.

A 2005 study linked long term ( over 3 months ) use of NSAIDs, including ibuprofen, with a 1. 4 times increased risk of erectile dysfunction.

The main adverse drug reactions ( ADRs ) associated with use of NSAIDs relate to direct and indirect irritation of the gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract.

NSAIDs are also associated with a relatively high incidence of renal adverse drug reactions ( ADRs ).

NSAIDs in combination with excessive use of phenacetin and / or paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) may lead to analgesic nephropathy.

As with other drugs, allergies to NSAIDs might exist.

Research supports the use of NSAIDs for the control of pain associated with veterinary procedures such as dehorning and castration of calves.

Legally available opioids are sometimes combined with other drugs such as NSAIDs ( e. g. ibuprofen, aspirin ), paracetamol, antihistamine, expectorant, homatropine / atropine.

Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), steroids, or colchicine improves symptoms.

have been associated with agranulocytosis, including antiepileptics, antithyroid drugs ( carbimazole, methimazole, and propylthiouracil ), antibiotics ( penicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole ), cytotoxic drugs, gold, NSAIDs ( indomethacin, naproxen, phenylbutazone, metamizole ), mebendazole, the antidepressant mirtazapine, and some antipsychotics ( the atypical antipsychotic clozapine ).

SSRIs, including citalopram, can increase the risk of bleeding, especially when coupled with aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, or other anticoagulants.

Most rheumatic diseases are treated with analgesics, NSAIDs ( Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ), steroids ( in serious cases ), DMARDs ( Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs ), monoclonal antibodies, such as infliximab and adalimumab, and the soluble TNF receptor etanercept and Methotrexate for moderate to severe Rheumatoid arthritis.