Karo also left a commentary upon the Mishnah, as well as supercommentaries to Rashi's and Nahmanides ' commentaries on the Torah, which have, apparently, not been preserved.

Nahmanides studied medicine which he practiced as a means of livelihood ; he also studied philosophy.

This belief is, according to Nahmanides, the basis of the levirate marriage, the child of which inherits not only the name of the brother of his fleshly father, but also his soul, and thus continues its existence on the earth.

Nahmanides ' writings in the defense of Simeon Kayyara and Alfasi also belong in the category of his Talmudic and halachic works.

The shorter version was also used by most of the later commentators, such as Judah b. Barzillai and Nahmanides, and it was, therefore, published in the ordinary editions.

The Tosafot were also used by the scholars of the Catalonian school, such as Nahmanides and Solomon ben Adret, who were also noted for their interest in Kabbalah.

He also wrote commentaries on the writings of Alfasi and certain works of Nahmanides.

Another work of Bahye, also published frequently, and in the first Mantua edition of 1514 erroneously ascribed to Rabbi Moses ben Nahman, Nahmanides, bears the title of Shulkhan Arba (" Table Four ").

His brother was Bonastruc ça ( de ) Porta, Nahmanides, ( in Hebrew Ramban ), also known as Rabbi Moses ben Nahman Girondi.

Zerachiah's independence also displeased the conservatives, however, and refutations of his criticisms were written by Nahmanides under the title Milḥamot hashem, and by Abraham ben David of Posquières, who alluded in his harsh fashion to Zerahiah as an immature youth who had had the audacity to criticize his master, and even accused him of having appropriated some of his ( Abraham's ) own interpretations without mentioning the author.

The most important writers are Yose ben Yoseh, probably in the 6th century, chiefly known for his compositions for Yom Kippur ; Eleazar Kalir, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century ; Saadia Gaon ; and the Spanish school, consisting of Joseph ibn Abitur ( died in 970 ), ibn Gabirol, Isaac Gayyath, Moses ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi, Moses ben Nahman ( Nahmanides ) and Isaac Luria.

Nahmanides ' known halakhic works are: " Mishpetei ha-Cherem ," the laws concerning excommunication, reproduced in " Kol Bo "; " Hilkhot Bedikkah ," on the examination of the lungs of slaughtered animals, cited by Shimshon ben Tzemach Duran in his " Yavin Shemu ' ah "; " Torat ha-Adam ," on the laws of mourning and burial ceremonies, in thirty chapters, the last of which, entitled " Sha ' ar ha-Gemul ," deals with eschatology ( Constantinople, 1519, and frequently reprinted ).

This is attested by the writings of several well known Rabbis such as Nahmanides, Obadiah of Bertinoro and the Maharitz.

Unlike the latter, Bahya did not devote his attention to Talmudic science, but to Biblical exegesis, taking for his model Rabbi Moses ben Nahman who is known as Nahmanides or Ramban, the teacher of Rabbi Solomon ben Adret, who was the first to make use of the Kabbalah as a means of interpreting the Torah.

Nahmanides was an adversary of Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra, an influential Jewish Bible commentator.

Nahmanides, in his commentary on the Torah, sides with Samuel and Rabbi Eliezer.

Other Rishonim, namely Rabbi Jacob ben Meir ( Rabbeinu Tam ), Nahmanides, and Jehiel ben Joseph of Paris explicitly repudiated the equation of the Yeshu of the Talmud and Jesus.

Nahmanides ' disciple, Rabbi Isaac of Akko, a prominent Kabbalist of 13th-century, held that the Universe is about 15 billion years old.

Generally speaking Rabbi Bahye does not reveal any of his Kabbalistic sources, other than generally referring to Sefer ha-Bahir and the works of Nahmanides.

The successors of Maimonides, from the 13th to the 15th century — Nahmanides, Abba Mari ben Moses, Simon ben Zemah Duran, Joseph Albo, Isaac Arama, and Joseph Jaabez — narrowed his 13 articles to three core beliefs: Belief in God ; in Creation ( or revelation ); and in providence ( or retribution ).

While Maimonides endeavored to reduce the miracles of the Bible to the level of natural phenomena, Nahmanides emphasizes them, declaring that " no man can share in the Torah of our teacher Moses unless he believes that all our affairs, whether they concern masses or individuals, are miraculously controlled, and that nothing can be attributed to nature or the order of the world.

* Moses Nahmanides

Other Jewish thinkers, such as Nahmanides, Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus, and Jacob Emden, strongly object to the idea that concubines should be forbidden.

For a while, Spain was divided between the schools: in Catalonia the rulings of Nahmanides and ben Adret were accepted, in Castile those of the Asher family and in Valencia those of Maimonides.

However, since Alfasi and Maimonides generally agree, the overall result was overwhelmingly Sephardi in flavour, though in a number of cases Caro set the result of this consensus aside and ruled in favour of the Catalonian school ( Nahmanides and Solomon ben Adret ), some of whose opinions had Ashkenazi origins.

During the Disputation of Paris, 1240, and Disputation of Barcelona 1263, references to Jesus in the Talmud became a pretext for Christian persecution and Jehiel ben Joseph in Paris, Nahmanides in Barcelona, defended the Jewish community from Christian inquisitors by denying that the " Yeshu " passages had anything to do with Christianity.

The Shittah contains expositions of the Talmud taken from the works of the Spaniards Nahmanides, ben Adret, and Yom-Tov of Seville, and from those of the Frenchmen Abraham ben David, Baruch ben Samuel, Isaac of Chinon, etc.

Nahmanides, in his commentary on the Torah, ( Genesis 1 ) is one of the first to quote the work under the title Midrash R. Nehunya ben HaKanah.

* Nahmanides, Moshe ben Nahman, ( Ramban ), 13th century Spanish and Holy Land mystic and Talmudist

Rabbis who believed in the idea of reincarnation include, from Medieval times: the mystical leaders Nahmanides ( the Ramban ) and Rabbenu Bahya ben Asher ; from the 16th-century: Levi ibn Habib ( the Ralbah ), and from the mystical school of Safed Shelomoh Alkabez, Isaac Luria ( the Ari ) and his exponent Hayyim Vital ; and from the 18th-century: the founder of Hasidism Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, later Hasidic Masters, and the Lithuanian Jewish Orthodox leader and Kabbalist the Vilna Gaon.

Other Jewish thinkers, such as Nahmanides, Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus, and Jacob Emden, strongly object to the idea that concubines should be forbidden.

Ramban ( Nahmanides ), Shmuel ben Uri, and Yaakov Emden disagreed.

" Nahmanides " is a Greek-influenced formation meaning " son of Naḥman ".

Vidal Benveniste de Porta (; died 1268 ) was the Jewish batlle of Barcelona, Girona and Leida and a brother of Nahmanides.

Altogether Benveniste stood high in favor with King Jaume — no doubt for value received — and when on May 29, 1264, his brother Nahmanides was pardoned, two-thirds of the fine he had incurred for the alleged crime of vituperating Jesus in the celebrated controversy of 1263 was remitted, the king expressly stating that the pardon was given " amore Benveniste de Porta, fratris tui ".

Nahmanides was born at Porta, Barcelona in 1194.

The author of the Zohar drew upon the Bible commentaries written by medieval rabbis, including Rashi, Abraham ibn Ezra, David Kimhi and even authorities as late as Nahmanides and Maimonides.

Called upon, about 1238, for support by Solomon of Montpellier, who had been excommunicated by supporters of Maimonides, Nahmanides addressed a letter to the communities of Aragon, Navarre, and Castile, in which Solomon's adversaries were severely rebuked.

As to Maimonides ' Guide for the Perplexed, Nahmanides stated that it was intended not for those of unshaken belief, but for those who had been led astray by the non-Jewish philosophical works of Aristotle and Galen.

This compromise, which might have ended the struggle, was rejected by both parties in spite of Nahmanides ' authority.

The resurrection spoken of by the prophets, which will take place after the coming of the Messiah, is referred by Nahmanides to the body.

Nahmanides proceeded to provide context for the proof-texts cited by Christiani, showing that they were most clearly understood differently than as proposed by Christiani.

The controversy was therefore resumed, and concluded in a complete victory for Nahmanides, who was dismissed by the King with a gift of three hundred gold pieces as a mark of his respect.

The justness of his defense was recognized by the King and the commission, but to satisfy the Dominicans, Nahmanides was sentenced to exile for two years and his pamphlet was condemned to be burned.

Although surrounded by friends and pupils, Nahmanides keenly felt the pangs of exile.

During his three years ' stay in the Holy Land Nahmanides maintained a correspondence with his native land, by means of which he endeavored to bring about a closer connection between Judea and Spain.

These discrepancies were noted by Jewish scholars who were contemporaries of Jesus, as later pointed out by Nahmanides, who in 1263 observed that Jesus was rejected as the Messiah by the rabbis of his time.

In 1263, Nahmanides, rabbi of Girona and later chief rabbi of Catalonia, was ordered by King James I of Aragon to take part in a public disputation with Pablo Christiani, a Jewish convert to Catholicism.

Nahmanides proceeded to provide context for the proof-texts cited by Christiani, showing that they were most clearly understood differently than as proposed by Christiani.

These, together with the Hiddushim of Nahmanides and others, were studied by the Sephardi Jews instead of the normal Tosafot.