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Napoleon I's nephew, Napoleon III, resurrected the title of emperor on 2 December 1852, after establishing the Second French Empire in a presidential coup, subsequently approved by a plebiscite.
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Napoleon and I's
Hopes for the Enlightenment, human rights, republican government, democracy, and freedom after Napoleon I's defeat in 1815 were dashed, however, when the Congress of Vienna reinstated many monarchies.
Works such as the Apollo Belvedere arrived during the Napoleonic Wars, but these pieces were returned after Napoleon I's fall in 1815.
* Napoleon III ( 1808 – 1873 ), last monarch and first president of France, son of Napoleon I's brother Louis
* Napoleon Charles Bonaparte ( 1802 – 1807 ), prince of Holland and son of Napoleon I's brother Louis
* Napoleon Louis Bonaparte ( 1804 – 1831 ), King of Holland and son of Napoleon I's brother Louis
* Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte ( 1822 – 1891 ), son of Napoleon I's brother Jerome
* Napoléon Charles Grégoire Jacques Philippe Bonaparte ( 1839 – 1899 ), grandson of Napoleon I's brother Lucien
During Napoleon I's reign, Veillons au Salut de l ' Empire was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was Partant pour la Syrie.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully.
It repudiated his Declaration of Verona, promised to abolish conscription, keep Napoleon I's administrative and judicial system, reduce taxes, eliminate political prisons, and guarantee amnesty to everyone who did not oppose a Bourbon Restoration.
As Napoleon I's eldest legitimate son, he was already constitutionally Prince Imperial and heir-apparent, but the Emperor also gave his son the style " His Majesty the King of Rome ".
Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d ' état in 1851, before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation.
During Napoleon I's reign, Louis-Napoléon's parents had been made king and queen of a French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland.
After Napoleon I's military defeats and deposition in 1815 and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France, all members of the Bonaparte dynasty were forced into exile.
Next in line was Napoleon I's eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte, followed by Louis Bonaparte and his sons.
After months of stalemate, and using the money of his mistress, Harriet Howard, he staged a coup d ' état and seized dictatorial powers on 2 December 1851, the 47th anniversary of Napoleon I's crowning as Emperor ( hence another of Louis-Napoléon's nicknames: " The Man of December ", " l ' homme de décembre ").
Parts of Italy were annexed to the Spanish, the Austrian and Napoleon I's empire, while the Holy See maintained control over Rome, before the Italian Peninsula was eventually liberated and unified in the late 19th century.
File: Statue aux invalides. jpg | Napoleon I's statue in the Cour d ' honneur
Napoleon and nephew
Louis Bonaparte was the nephew of the famous Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become dictator and then Emperor of France from 1804 until 1814.
Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon I, returned from exile in the United Kingdom in 1848 to be elected to the French parliament, and then as " Prince President " in a coup d ' état elected himself Emperor, a move approved later by a large majority of the French electorate.
After 1848, when his nephew, Louis Napoleon, became President of the French Republic, he served in several official roles, being created 1st Prince of Montfort.
When his nephew, Prince Louis Napoleon, became President of the French Republic in 1848, Jérôme was made governor of Les Invalides, Paris, the burial place of Napoleon I.
In November 1829, Susan married Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte ( 1805 – 1870 ), son of the King of Westphalia, and a nephew of Napoleon I.
He was a nephew of Napoleon I of France, Joseph Bonaparte, Elisa Bonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, Pauline Bonaparte, Caroline Bonaparte and Jérôme Bonaparte.
He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I.
Napoleon III, known as " Louis-Napoléon " prior to becoming Emperor, was the nephew of Napoleon I by his brother Louis Bonaparte, who married Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter by the first marriage of Napoleon's wife Joséphine de Beauharnais.
Fontainebleau was also the setting of the Second Empire court of his nephew Napoleon III.
That person turns out to be Napoleon III, the nephew of Hornblower's great nemesis and the future President ( and later Emperor in his own right ) of France.
Louis Bonaparte was the nephew of Napoleon I, Emperor of France, and many British public officials-like Aberdeen-felt that Louis Bonaparte was merely seeking foreign adventure and aggrandizement and would sooner or later involve Britain in another series of wars like those wars against France and Napoleon from 1793 to 1815.
In 1809, one year after Murat's promotion from Grand Duke of Berg to King of Naples, Napoleon's young nephew, Prince Napoleon Louis Bonaparte ( 1804 – 1831, elder son of Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland ) became the Grand Duke of Berg ; French bureaucrats administered the territory in the name of the child.
Between the fall of the first Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and the rise of his nephew in the Italian campaign of 1859, the powers had maintained peace in western Europe.
The only alternative, an alliance with the devil's nephew, Louis Napoleon, who already dreamed of acquiring the Rhine frontier for France at the price of his aid in establishing German sea-power by the cession of the duchies, was abhorrent to Frederick William.
They were named after Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, a zoologist and nephew of Napoleon.
Bonaparte was the son of Lucien Bonaparte and Alexandrine de Bleschamp, and nephew of Emperor Napoleon.
The name, already well-established in common usage, was reinforced by the title of Karl Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon ( Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, 1852 ), an account of the 2 December 1851 coup by Napoleon's nephew, which begins with the oft-quoted " Hegel remarks somewhere that all great world-historic facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice.
In addition to these two claims to the historic royal throne of France, there has also been a pretender to the imperial throne of France, created first by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804 and recreated by his nephew Emperor Napoleon III in 1852.
Napoleon and III
* 1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, the King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.
* 1855 – Visit of Napoleon III to Guildhall, London
Remitted by Abdülaziz to Napoleon III in 1862.
In 1869, Abdülaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal.
Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a " modern " capital that would make France proud.
Between the years 1852 and 1870 there was a Second French Empire, again a member of the Bonaparte dynasty would rule ; Napoleon III of France the son of Louis Bonaparte.
* Napoleon III ( 1852 – 1870 )
In 1870, in the war against the Prussians, Napoleon III ordered one million cans of beef to feed his troops.
Therefore Johnston created a product known as ' Johnston's Fluid Beef ,' later called Bovril, to meet the needs of the French people and Napoleon III.
On November 17, 1858, Emperor Napoleon III annexed Clipperton as part of the French colony of Tahiti.
In 1863 almost all of the group ’ s paintings were rejected by the Salon, and French Emperor Napoleon III instead decided to place their paintings in a separate exhibit hall, the Salon des Refusés.
* 1852 – Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French ( Napoleon III ).
( The name Kettner in the title refers to Auguste Kettner, former chef to Napoleon III, who emigrated to England and in 1867 opened a restaurant in Soho – Kettner's – one of the oldest restaurants in London.
Napoleon III was deposed on 4 September 1870, after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
In 1863, the invading French, under Napoleon III ( see above ), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and nobility, helped create the Second Mexican Empire, and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef I, to become emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.
With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor Napoleon III, France was no longer in a position to protect the Pope's rule in Rome.
Furthermore, it has been established that a substantial portion of it was taken, without citation, from a 1864 satire on Napoleon III by one Maurice Joly ( his French language work, The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu )-so that it also constitutes plagiarism.
According to French law, the Foreign Legion was not to be used within Metropolitan France except in the case of a national invasion, and was consequently not a part of Napoleon III ’ s Imperial Army that capitulated at Sedan.
In the 1850s, Molinari fled to Belgium to escape threats from France's Emperor Napoleon III.
Thus, on 2 December 1851, shortly before the end of his single three-year term in office was to expire, Louis Bonaparte staged a coup against the Second Republic in France, disbanded the elected Constituent Assembly, arrested some of the Republican leaders and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of France.
Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and the French under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III of France.
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