The Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and the Church ended the de-Christianization period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until it was abrogated by the Third Republic via the separation of church and state on 11 December 1905.

Although much of his legal reform proposals were not established in his life time, his legal legacy was considered by the magazine New Scientist, in a publication of 1961, as having influenced the drafting of the Code Napoleon, and the law reforms introduced by Sir Robert Peel.

Furthermore, it has been established that a substantial portion of it was taken, without citation, from a 1864 satire on Napoleon III by one Maurice Joly ( his French language work, The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu )-so that it also constitutes plagiarism.

A pro-French Batavian Republic was established ( 1795 – 1806 ), and with the consolidation of French power under Napoleon gradually turned into a French satellite state, culminating in the Kingdom of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) and later simply an imperial province.

On July 20, 1808, Joseph Bonaparte, eldest brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, entered Madrid and established a government by which he became King of Spain, serving as a surrogate for Napoleon.

After the defeat of Napoleon, a new European order was established at the Congress of Vienna.

The Consulate was replaced by the First Empire, established by Napoleon in 1804.

Napoleon then seized power through a coup and established the Consulate in 1799.

The usage of " private " dates from the 18th century, when the army of Napoleon Bonaparte first established the permanent rank of soldat.

* January 1 – Kingdom of Bavaria established by Napoleon.

As the Netherlands were now a province of France, a registry of births, deaths and marriages was established in 1811, whereupon emperor Napoleon forced the Dutch to register and adopt a distinct surname.

In Holland, the Dutch Republic ’ s 17th-century ( 1609 – 1672 ) mercantilist dominion was a first instance of global, commercial hegemony, made feasible with its technological development of wind power and its Four Great Fleets, for the efficient production and delivery of goods and services, which, in turn, made possible its Amsterdam stock market and concomitant dominance of world trade ; in France, King Louis XIV ( 1638 – 1715 ) and ( Emperor ) Napoleon I ( 1799 – 1815 ) established French hegemony via economic, cultural, and military domination of most of Continental Europe.

In the Far East, Napoleon III established French rule in Cochinchina and New Caledonia.

According to the law of succession established by Napoleon I when he was Emperor, the claim passed first to his son, who, at birth, had been given the title " King of Rome " by his father.

During this war, Napoleon established a French alliance with Britain, which continued after the war's close.

" Napoleon also established the Order of the Iron Crown.

In the 19th century, Napoleon I established his cavalry officers training school in the Château-Vieux.

In January 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte went to Lyon and accepted the presidency of the Italian Republic, a nominally independent client republic covering northern Italy, established in 1797.

Napoleon turned it into the capital of the Grand Duchy of Berg, one of three French states he established in Germany.

Several years after the banishing of his family from France in 1816, arriving under vigilant disguise as the Count de Survilliers, Joseph Bonaparte, former King of Naples and Spain and brother to Napoleon I of France, established his residence in Bordentown.

Generals Charles Lallemand and Antone Riguad, formerly of Napoleon ’ s Old Guard, headed a French expedition that established a colony twenty leagues from the Gulf of Mexico on the Trinity, near the present town of Liberty in 1818.

Following the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805, The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated, following a crushing defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz by the French under Napoleon resulting in the Treaty of Pressburg, and sixteen of France's allies among the German states ( including Bavaria and Württemberg ) established the Confederation of the Rhine in July 1806.

Eugène is first introduced in La fortune des Rougon as a key player in the coup d ' état of 1851 which established Napoleon III as Emperor of the French.

" Princess X " was revealed to be Princess Marie Bonaparte, direct descendant of the younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Battle of Pultusk: Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters.

Napoleon succeeded in bringing the total imperial forces in the region to around 650, 000 — although only 250, 000 came under his direct command, with another 120, 000 under Nicolas Charles Oudinot and 30, 000 under Davout.

Maria Carolina's Kingdom of Naples had also come into direct conflict with French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

At the beginning of 1814, the armies of the French Empire, under the direct command of Emperor Napoleon I, were scrambling to defend Eastern France against the invading Coalition Armies.

* The Imperial Guard: 10, 500 men, 60 guns, under the direct command of Napoleon ;

Further north, protecting the other flank of MacDonald's column lay the fresh Guard Cavalry Division, which also received MacDonald's invitation to charge, but remained motionless, with its commander, Général de Division Walther, invoking a lack of orders from his direct commanders, either Napoleon or Maréchal Bessières.

Having been excluded from the Council of the Five Hundred on suspicion of royalism, he took part with his friend Joseph Lainé in the commission of 1813, which first expressed direct opposition to the will of the emperor Napoleon.

The most important phase of his career opened in 1808, when the emperor Alexander I took him with him to the Congress of Erfurt and put him into direct communication with Napoleon, who described him as the only clear head in Russia and at the insistence of Alexander had many conversations with him on the question of Russian administrative reform.

While Napoleon had assessed that the Coalition forces in and around Brussels on the borders of north east France posed the greatest threat because Tolly's Russian army of 150, 000 were still not in the theatre, Spain was slow to mobilise, Prince Schwarzenberg's Austrian army of 210, 000 were slow to cross the Rhine, and another Austrian force menacing the south eastern frontier of France was still not a direct threat, Napoleon still had to place some badly needed forces in positions where they could defend France against other Coalition forces whatever the outcome of the Waterloo campaign.

To be fair, Ney was d ' Erlon's direct superior and Napoleon never informed Ney of his plans.

With only Britain left to fight and not enough of a navy to fight a direct war, Napoleon conceived of an invasion of Egypt in 1798, which satisfied his personal desire for glory and the Directory's desire to have him far from Paris.

In the same year, after Napoleon had crowned himself first French Emperor, the Italian Republic was transformed into the first Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, or Italico, under his direct rule.

Napoleon succeeded in bringing the total imperial forces in the region up to around 650, 000 ( although only 250, 000 were under his direct command, with another 120, 000 under Nicolas Charles Oudinot and 30, 000 under Davout ).

By direct application to Napoleon, Scharnhorst evaded the decree of 26 September 1810, which required all foreigners to leave the Prussian service forthwith, but when in 1811 – 1812 France forced Prussia into an alliance against Russia and Prussia despatched an auxiliary army to serve under Napoleon's orders, Scharnhorst left Berlin on unlimited leave of absence.

The rightward move was so strong that monarchists actually won the election of 1797 but were stopped from taking power by the coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 September, 1797 ), the first time Napoleon played a direct role in government.

The Imperial Guard ( French: Garde Impériale ) was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time.

Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon ( 33 battalions in all, 14, 000 troops ).

She was named in honor of her direct ancestress, Antonia Caetana de Pravia Pereia of a noble family that had to flee Portugal to Brazil because of Napoleon Bonaparte's wars.

Here he could claim to have inflicted the first reverse suffered by Napoleon, but six months later Bennigsen met with the crushing defeat of Friedland ( 14 June 1807 ) the direct consequence of which was the treaty of Tilsit.

He was in the secret of the direct negotiations between Victor Emmanuel and Napoleon III in June 1869, and refused to entertain the idea of a French alliance unless Italy were allowed to occupy the Papal States, and, on occasion, Rome itself.

However, he was sickly, virtually imprisoned in Austria, and died young and unmarried, without leaving any further direct descendants of Napoleon I.

Barraband produced a series of watercolours of birds and flowers between 1801 and 1804 by direct commission of Napoleon Bonaparte.