Napoleon turned the Grande Armée against every major European power and dominated continental Europe through a series of military victories.

In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon.

In his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, Carlyle set out how he saw history as having turned on the decisions of " heroes ", giving detailed analysis of the influence of several such men ( including Muhammad, Shakespeare, Luther, Rousseau, and Napoleon ).

A pro-French Batavian Republic was established ( 1795 – 1806 ), and with the consolidation of French power under Napoleon gradually turned into a French satellite state, culminating in the Kingdom of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) and later simply an imperial province.

As the tide of the war turned toward the former slaves, Napoleon abandoned his dreams of restoring France's New World empire.

In 1861 Napoleon III largely supported Maximilian in his claim to Mexico, a move that was also supported by Britain and Spain but condemned by the U. S. This led to the French intervention in Mexico, which turned out to be a failure.

The British gave up their attacks over Spanish territories when the Peninsular War turned Britain and Spain into allies against Napoleon.

By this time, however, Napoleon had already all but abandoned plans to invade Britain, and had again turned his attention to enemies on the Continent.

Then Napoleon turned north to confront the remainder of the Russian army and to try to capture the temporary Prussian capital at Königsberg.

At the end of the century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned into a resistance base against the invaders with the " Viva Maria " movement, winning the city the role of provincial capital.

In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since December of the previous year, turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine in order to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats.

Although outnumbered two to one, Napoleon attacked the following day ( 27 August ), turned the allied left flank, and won an impressive tactical victory.

The tide of the campaign had turned but Napoleon misjudged the strategic situation, thinking that the force that had fought Davout was only a flank guard and that the main force lay before him ; in reality it was the opposite.

In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since May of the previous year, turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine in order to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats.

This republicanism, as well as his advocacy of reason in philosophy and laissez-faire for economic policy, lost him favor with Napoleon, who turned Tracy's coinage of " ideology " into a term of abuse ; Karl Marx followed this vein of invective to refer to Tracy as a " fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär "— a " fish-blooded bourgeois doctrinaire.

< span lang =" fr "> Jean Victor Moreau </ span > being unattainable as his sword, < span lang =" fr "> Sieyès </ span > favoured < span lang =" fr "> Barthélemy Catherine Joubert </ span >; but, when < span lang =" fr "> Joubert </ span > was killed at the Battle of Novi ( 15 August 1799 ), he turned to General < span lang =" fr "> Napoleon Bonaparte </ span >.

Many of those who had favored or been neutral to Napoleon now turned against him.

At the end of the 1700s, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was named Consulat, a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity ; furthermore it included a " First Consul " who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government – a position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire.

Versions of the story vary, but they all agree that when the young man had turned in the note and had drawn his ample pay for the work, he found that his companion was Napoleon and the latter had given him a house and farm so that he could marry his sweetheart.

As a ruse, Napoleon asked for safe harbor to resupply his ships, and then turned against his hosts once safely inside Valletta.

Thwarted in his attempt to rebuild a French empire in North America, Napoleon Bonaparte turned his armies to Europe, invading and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in 1808.

Napoleon then turned north to confront the approaching Russian armies and to attempt to capture the temporary Prussian capital at Königsberg.

Napoleon then turned his attention south towards Vienna, fighting a series of actions against Hiller's forces, most famously, at the Battle of Ebersberg on 3 May.

" They proceeded to suppress Caen, Lyon, and Marseille, although the counter-revolutionary forces turned Toulon over to Britain and Spain on 29 August, resulting in the capture of much of the French navy, and Toulon was not retaken by Dugommier ( with the assistance of the young Napoleon Bonaparte ) until 19 December.

* 1810 – Napoleon I annexes two departments of the Kingdom of Westphalia into the French Empire.

Following France's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city.

Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a " modern " capital that would make France proud.

The House of Bonaparte is an imperial and royal European dynasty founded by Napoleon I of France in 1804, a French military leader who rose to notability out of the French Revolution and transformed the French Republic into the First French Empire within five years of his coup d ' état.

When Danican's poorly trained men attacked, on 13 Vendémiaire, 1795 — October 5, 1795, in the calendar used in France, at the time — Napoleon ordered his cannon to fire grapeshot into the mob, an act that became known as the " whiff of grapeshot ".

Among the first generals to recognize that artillery was not being used to its full potential, Napoleon often massed his cannon into batteries, and introduced several changes into the French artillery, improving it significantly, and making it among the finest in Europe.

After which, the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich by severing a good portion from the empire and turning it into a separate Confederation of the Rhine.

The historian William Hepworth Dixon referred to the Code Napoleon as " the sole embodiment of Bacon's thought ", saying that Bacon's legal work " has had more success abroad than it has found at home ", and that in France " it has blossomed and come into fruit ".

Some English government officials felt that Louis Bonaparte was seeking foreign adventure in the spirit of his uncle — Napoleon I. Consequently, these officials felt that any close association with Louis Bonaparte would eventually lead Britain into another series of wars, like the wars with France and Napoleon dating from 1793 until 1815.

Napoleon transformed the Italian principality of Elba, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his Cent Jours escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the Vienna Congress in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in exile on barren Saint Helena.

Thinking to regain control on the island that had produced so much wealth, Napoleon sent more than 20, 000 troops beginning in 1802 to quell the slave revolt in Saint-Domingue, which quickly escalated into war for independence.

Napoleon planned to move into Syria but was defeated and he returned to France without his army, which surrendered.

Napoleon reorganized higher learning by dividing the Institut National into four ( later five ) academies.

However, over the years since the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon, Russia had been forced into involvement in the affairs of Europe, as part of the " Holy Alliance.

Six years into formal colonisation of the East Indies, in Europe the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French forces of Napoleon.

After Napoleon achieved victory at Austerlitz over his enemies in continental Europe, he became more aggressive and tried to starve Britain into submission with an embargo that was economically ruinous to both sides.

By the time Madison was standing for reelection, the Peninsular War in Spain had spread, while at the same time Napoleon invaded Russia, and the entire continent again descended into war.

In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library of Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, into which Hesse-Kassel had been incorporated by Napoleon.

In July 1860, with European intervention threatening, the Turkish government tried to quiet the strife, but Napoleon III of France sent 7, 000 troops to Beirut and helped impose a partition: The Druze control of the territory was recognized as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites were forced into an enclave, arrangements ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861.

* 1813 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads his French troops into the Battle of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany, against the combined armies of Russia and Prussia.

The revolutionaries, after overthrowing the French monarchy in the 1790s, began by setting up a republic ; Napoleon converted it into an Empire with a new aristocracy.

In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System.