* 1832 – Black Hawk, leader of the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, surrenders to U. S. authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.

Native Americans used red alder bark ( Alnus rubra ) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations.

The inner bark of the alder, as well as red osier dogwood, or chokecherry, was also used by Native Americans in their smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick, to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf.

Whigs and moralists denounced his aggressive enforcement of the Indian Removal Act, which resulted in the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans to Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ).

* 1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.

Early Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American Cuisine, that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of American Cuisine.

The cuisine of the American South has been influenced by the many diverse inhabitants of the region, including Americans of European descent, Native Americans and African Americans.

He turned the settlers into foragers and successful traders with the Native Americans, who taught the English how to plant corn and other crops.

Smith led expeditions to explore the regions surrounding Jamestown, and it was during one of these that the chief of the Powhatan Native Americans captured Smith.

Some friendly Native Americans ( including Squanto ) helped the Pilgrims survive through the first winter.

Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is today known as the United States and played its first music.

* Native Americans in the United States

* 1832 – Black Hawk War: Around three-hundred United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.

At the beginning of the war, Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to the Native Americans.

The Mongols also used adhesives to make their short bows, and the Native Americans of the eastern United States used a mixture of spruce gum and fat as adhesives to fashion waterproof seams in their birchbark canoes.

African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism.

Native Americans however, have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average ; it is unclear why this is the case.

Other risk factors such as cultural environmental effects e. g. trauma have been proposed to explain the higher rates of alcoholism among Native Americans compared to alcoholism levels in caucasians.

In 1840, Walker, a Protestant missionary, recorded stories of giants among the Native Americans living in Spokane, Washington.

Historical evidence also points to the use of non-returning boomerangs by the ancient Egyptians, Native Americans of California and Arizona, and inhabitants of southern India for killing birds and rabbits.

Native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash ( the so-called Three Sisters ), with the tall cornstalks acting as support for the beans.

Kroeber and Sapir's focus on Native American languages helped establish linguistics as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on Indo-European languages.

Ancient Pueblo peoples or Ancestral Pueblo peoples were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southern Colorado.

Native Chinese cuisine makes frequent use of Asian leaf vegetables like bok choy and kai-lan and puts a greater emphasis on fresh meat and seafood.

Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress ( SANNC ) on 8 January 1912 at the Waaihoek Wesleyan Church in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population.

The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANCSA ) was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on December 23, 1971, the largest land claims settlement in United States history.

* " Native Experience " A four part television documentary series about the impact of oil and mineral development on the Native cultures of Alaska, dealing in particular with the historical background leading up to ANCSA and the experiences, memories and perceptions of both natives involved in the lands claim and their descendants today in rural Alaska.

Greeves also beads on buckskin and explores such issues as warfare or Native American voting rights.

The lyrics were written in honor of Green Beret James Gabriel, Jr., the first Native Hawaiian who died in Vietnam, who was executed by the Viet Cong while on a training mission on April 8, 1962.

Gumbo exemplifies the influence of African and Native American food cultures on Cajun cuisine.

Subjects included humorous depictions of life on the farm and portraits of Native American princesses.

Native men from reservations worked on roads, bridges, clinics, shelters, and other public works near their reservations.

He studied Germanic linguistics at Columbia, where he came under the influence of Franz Boas who inspired him to work on Native American languages.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

Although still in college, Sapir was allowed to participate in Boas ' graduate seminar on American Languages which included translations of Native American and Inuit myths collected by Boas.

Sapir's 1905 Master's thesis was an analysis of Johann Gottfried Herder's Treatise on the Origin of Language, and included examples from Inuit and Native American languages, not at all familiar to a Germanicist.

Among his substantial publications from this period were his book on " Time Perspective in the Aboriginal American Culture " ( 1916 ), in which he laid out an approach to using historical linguistics to study the prehistory of Native American cultures.

A multitude of reforms and regulations did not prevent the encomienda from becoming a system of virtual slavery of the Native Ecuadorians, estimated at about one-half the total Ecuadorian population, who lived on them.

The Native Ecuadorian population, in contrast, probably experienced an overall improvement in its situation, as the closing of the obrajes commonly led Native Ecuadorians to work under less arduous conditions on either haciendas or traditional communal lands.

Yale president Arthur Twining Hadley penned the inscription, which reads: " On Pemberton Hill, 255 Feet North of This Spot, Was Born on April Fifth 1649 Elihu Yale, Governor of Madras, Whose Permanent Memorial in His Native Land is the College That Bears His Name.

* 1779 – James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians near Kealakekua on the Island of Hawaii.