Kroeber and Sapir's focus on Native American languages helped establish linguistics as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on Indo-European languages.

Since then, American English has been influenced by the languages of West Africa, the Native American population, Spanish, and immigration.

Native languages are used, in conjunction with Coptic, during services outside of Egypt.

He studied Germanic linguistics at Columbia, where he came under the influence of Franz Boas who inspired him to work on Native American languages.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

Robert Lowie later said that Sapir's fascination with indigenous languages stemmed from the seminar with Boas in which Boas used examples from Native American languages to disprove all of Sapir's common-sense assumptions about the basic nature of Language.

Sapir's 1905 Master's thesis was an analysis of Johann Gottfried Herder's Treatise on the Origin of Language, and included examples from Inuit and Native American languages, not at all familiar to a Germanicist.

This first experience with Native American languages in the field was closely overseen by Boas, who was particularly interested in having Sapir gathering ethnological information for the Bureau.

Of all the Alaska Native languages, Central Alaskan Yup ' ik has the most speakers, with about 10, 000 of a total Yup ' ik population of 21, 000 still speaking the language.

Many Native American languages and some languages in Africa and Aboriginal Australia simply do not have infinitives or verbal nouns.

In his 1987 book Language in the Americas, while supporting the Eskimo – Aleut and Na-Dené groupings as distinct, he proposed that all the other Native American languages belong to a single language macro-family, which he termed Amerind.

American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America.

Native languages and language families of North America ( rev.

The languages of Native North America.

Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in most Indic languages and in some Swedish dialects, and the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, found in many Native North American languages, Welsh and Zulu.

Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American language speakers on the continent.

A central publication on this topic is the recent volume edited by Dixon and Aikhenvald ( 2007 ), examining the mismatch between prosodic-phonological and grammatical definitions of " word " in various Amazonian, Australian Aboriginal, Caucasian, Eskimo, Indo-European, Native North American, West African, and sign languages.

Like the 1992 remake of The Last of the Mohicans and Geronimo: An American Legend ( 1993 ), Dances with Wolves employed a number of Native American actors, and made an effort to portray Indigenous languages.

Native Esperanto speakers ( in Esperanto denaskuloj or denaskaj esperantistoj ) are born into families in which Esperanto is spoken ( usually along with other languages ).

The American linguist William Dwight Whitney, for example, actively strove to eradicate the Native American languages arguing that their speakers were savages and would be better off abandoning their languages and learning English and adopting a civilized way of life.

* Many traditional Native American religions are fundamentally animistic.

Native speakers of a given language usually perceive one phoneme in their language as a single distinctive sound in that language and are " both unaware of and even shocked by " the allophone variations used to pronounce single phonemes.

Native Hindi speakers pronounce / व / as in vrat (' व ् रत ', fast ) but in pakwan (' पकव ा न ', food dish ), treating them as a single phoneme and without being aware of the allophone distinctions they are subconsciously making, though these are apparent to native English speakers.

That said, some people are challenging this, using arguments similar to those used by peyotist religious sects, such as the Native American Church.

Native speakers are concentrated in a contiguous area including parts of the Spanish Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre and in the western half of the French Département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

Native American ballads are ballads that are native to North America ( not to be confused with ballads performed by native Americans ).

Earth-diver myths are common in Native American folklore but can be found among the Chukchi and Yukaghir, the Tatars and many Finno-Ugrian traditions.

* Flags of Native American nations in the United States are common and many tribes have chosen a flag as their symbol of choice.

The establishment of Native American governments ( which are separate and distinct from state and federal government ) exercising limited powers of sovereignty, has given rise to the concept of " bi-federalism.

Native PAGE separations are run in non-denaturing conditions.

Grits ( also sometimes called sofkee or sofkey from the Muskogee word ) are a food of Native American origin common in the Southern United States and mainly eaten at breakfast.

Native speakers of Hausa, the Hausa people are mostly to be found in Niger and in the north of Nigeria, but the language is used as a trade language across a much larger swathe of West Africa ( Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Togo, Côte d ' Ivoire etc.

This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories ; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural ' property ' and its ever-changing nature.

* 1755 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat by French and Native American forces.

Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by an admixture of 18th century French, Spanish, Native American ( Indian ) and African cultures that they are considered to be somewhat exceptional in the U. S. Before the American influx and statehood at the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of current Louisiana State had been a Spanish and French colony.

In North and Central America, and to some extent in West Africa, Australia and other parts of the world, every male acquires at puberty a tutelary spirit ( see Demonology ); in some Native American tribes the youth kills the animal of which he dreams in his initiation fast ; its claw, skin or feathers are put into a little bag and become his " medicine " and must be carefully retained, for a " medicine " once lost can never be replaced.

Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on the east side of Lake Winnipeg are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Native elements are those that are not chemically bonded to other elements.

Native elements are subdivided into groups by their structure or chemical attributes.

Native speakers who are not academic linguists may not recognize that the variants they speak are classified in linguistics as members of " Mandarin " ( or so-called " Northern dialects ") in a broader sense.

Quechua ( endonym: Runa Simi ) is a Native South American language family and dialect cluster spoken primarily in the Andes of South America, derived from a common ancestral language.

* Hän language, an endangered Native American language spoken by the Hän people

Their dialect of Russian ( plus a few words borrowed from Alaska Native languages ) was the primary language spoken in Ninilchik long past the purchase of Russia's interests in Alaska by the U. S. in 1867.

Analogous to North America with approximately 300 Native American languages and distinct ethnic groups, in China there are 292 non-Mandarin languages spoken by native peoples of the region http :// www. ethnologue. com / show_country. asp? name = CN.

In the United States, the Navajo language is the most spoken Native American language, with over 200, 000 speakers in the Southwestern United States.

The Cheyenne language ( Tsėhesenėstsestotse or, in easier spelling, Tsisinstsistots ) is a Native American language spoken by the Cheyenne people, predominantly in present-day Montana and Oklahoma in the United States.

The name derives from " Yameco ," a corruption of a word in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area during first European contact.

Native inhabitants of these lands include the Pilagás, Wichis and Tobas, whose languages are still spoken in the province.

The Chemakum language (; also written as Chimakum or Chimacum ) was spoken by the Chemakum, a Native American group that once lived on western Washington state's Olympic Peninsula.

The Sauk-Suiattle language ( Lushootseed ) belongs to the Salishan family of Native American languages and is spoken by several Salishan groups.

Autochthonous languages, spoken by some Native American groups include Mapudungun ( also known as Mapuche ), Quechua, Aymara and Guarani.

Dene or Dine ( the Athabaskan languages ) is a widely distributed group of Native languages spoken by associated peoples in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Alaska, parts of Oregon, northern California, and the American Southwest as far as northern Mexico.

Na-Dene languages are spoken by Native Alaskans and some people from the First Nations of Western Canada, in the Pacific Northwest, and also includes the Southern Athabaskan languages spoken in the American Southwest ( e. g. the Apache language and Navajo language ).

Suzhou dialect (; Native name: 蘇州閒話 ) is a dialect of Wu, one of the subdivisions of Chinese spoken language.

Native languages include Bribrí, as well as others spoken by thousands of Costa Ricans.

Shoshoni or Shoshone (; or ) is a Native American language spoken by the Shoshone people.

Blackfoot, also known as Siksika ( so called in ISO 639-3 ), Pikanii, and Blackfeet, is the Algonquian language spoken by the Blackfoot tribes of Native Americans, who currently live in the northwestern plains of North America.

The Hän language ( Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Moosehide ) is a Native American endangered language spoken in only two places: Eagle, Alaska and Dawson City, Yukon.

These languages are spoken by Native American communities around and east of Mount Shasta, others near Lake Tahoe, the Pomo on the California coast, and the Yuman peoples along the lower Colorado River.

Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California.

The Kuna language is a Native American language of the Chibchan family spoken by 50, 000 to 70, 000 people.