Neodymium ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60.

Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use.

Neodymium is a quite electropositive element, and it reacts slowly with cold water, but quite quickly with hot water to form neodymium hydroxide:

Neodymium is never found in nature as the free element, but rather it occurs in ores such as monazite and bastnäsite that contain small amounts of all the rare earth metals.

Neodymium is typically 10 % to 18 % of the rare earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare earth element minerals bastnasite and monazite.

* Neodymium has an unusually large specific heat capacity at liquid-helium temperatures, so is useful in cryocoolers

The current laser at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment ( AWE ), the HELEN ( High Energy Laser Embodying Neodymium ) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature and pressure interact inside warheads.

Neodymium glass ( Nd: glass ) is produced by the inclusion of neodymium oxide ( Nd < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >) in the glass melt.

Neodymium is also used to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants from glass.

Neodymium is a component of " didymium " ( referring to mixture of salts of neodymium and praseodymium ) used for coloring glass to make welder's and glass-blower's goggles ; the sharp absorption bands obliterate the strong sodium emission at 589 nm.

Neodymium metal dust is a combustion and explosion hazard.

Neodymium is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.

* It is possible for these strips to be completely erased if brought close to high strength Neodymium magnets

The atomic number of Neodymium is 60, and Cobalt-60 (< sup > 60 </ sup > Co ) is a radioactive isotope of cobalt.

Neodymium always dominates, which is why it got the " neo " appellation, being responsible for most of the color of the old didymium in its salts.

Neodymium also has 13 known meta states, with the most stable one being < sup > 139m </ sup > Nd ( T < sub > ½ </ sub >

Neodymium magnet electric motors have also been responsible for the development of purely electrical model aircraft within the first decade of the 21st century, to the point that these are displacing internal combustion powered models internationally.

Neodymium ions in various types of ionic crystals, and also in glasses, act as a laser gain medium, typically emitting 1064 nm light from a particular atomic transition in the neodymium ion, after being " pumped " into excitation from an external sourceNeodymium doped glass slabs used in extremely powerful lasers for inertial confinement fusion.

Neodymium also acts as an anticoagulant, especially when given intravenously.

Neodymium ions in various types of ionic crystals, and also in glasses, act as a laser gain medium, typically emitting 1064 nm light from a particular atomic transition in the neodymium ion, after being " pumped " into excitation from an external source

The primary sight has an integrated Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet ( Nd: YAG ) solid state laser rangefinder and a 120 element cadmium mercury telluride, CdHgTe ( also known as CMT ) Zeiss thermal sight which are both linked to the tank's fire control computer.

Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927, and they remain a popular additive in glasses.

Neodymium glass solid-state lasers are used in extremely high power ( terawatt scale ), high energy ( megajoules ) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion.

Neodymium may be used to color glass in delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray.

Neodymium and didymium glass are used in color-enhancing filters in indoor photography, particularly in filtering out the yellow hues from incandescent lighting.

Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at about 863 ° C.

Neodymium metal reacts enthusiastically with all the halogens:

Neodymium compounds, as with all rare earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity ; however its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated.

* Neodymium, an element with the symbol " Nd "

In all, 33 radioisotopes of Neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes < sup > 144 </ sup > Nd ( alpha decay, a half-life ( T < sub > ½ </ sub >) of 2. 29 × 10 < sup > 15 </ sup > years ) and < sup > 150 </ sup > Nd ( double beta decay, T < sub > ½ </ sub > of 7 × 10 < sup > 18 </ sup > years ).

Bismanol magnets have been replaced by Neodymium magnets which are both cheaper and superior in other ways, Samarium-Cobalt magnets in more critical applications, and Alnico magnets.

Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, guitar and bass guitar pick-ups and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required.

Neodymium magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but biocompatibility issues have prevented widespread application.

Neodymium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions that contain the lilac Nd ( III ) ion.

Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets known – Nd < sub > 2 </ sub > Fe < sub > 14 </ sub > B.

Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.

File: Neodymium tl1. jpg | Neodymium compounds in tube lighting ( TL )

File: Neodymium fluorescent1. jpg | Neodymium compounds in energy-saving fluorescent lighting

File: Neodymium daylight1. jpg | Neodymium compounds in normal daylight

Neodymium was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, in Vienna in 1885.

Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria (" wisteria "), Cambridge (" heatherbloom "), and Steuben (" wisteria "), and elsewhere ( e. g. Lalique, in France, or Murano ).