Mnemonics are routinely taught to medical students to ensure that all possible pathological processes are considered, for example VINDICATE: Vascular, Inflammatory, Neoplastic, Degenerative / Deficiency, Idiopathic / Intoxication, Congenital, Autoimmune / Allergic, Traumatic, Endocrine

Neoplasm | Neoplastic tumor of the cheek skin, here a Benign tumor | benign neoplasm of the sweat glands called hidradenoma, which is not solid but is fluid-filled

Neoplastic tumors often contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells.

* Ewing, J: Neoplastic Diseases: A Textbook on Tumors.

Neoplastic disorder include Hodgkin ’ s disease lung and breast carcinoma and non infectious inflammmatory diseases include Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

The electric gadget is most helpful when there are many crowned teeth and in individuals who are elderly, bedfast with a chronic disease, or are handicapped by disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

There are many possibilities, including poor circulation, a variety of neurological conditions, and functional disorders.

The motor neuron diseases ( MND ) are a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity including speaking, walking, breathing, swallowing and general movement of the body.

A number of genetic disorders are caused when an individual inherits two recessive alleles for a single-gene trait.

Other disorders are also due to recessive alleles, but because the gene locus is located on the X chromosome, so that males have only one copy ( that is, they are hemizygous ), they are more frequent in males than in females.

Despite the name, antidepressants are often used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, and some hormone-mediated disorders such as dysmenorrhea.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor ( SSRIs ) are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders.

SSRIs are primarily classified as antidepressants and typically higher dosages are required to be effective against anxiety disorders than to be effective against depression but nevertheless most SSRIs have anxiolytic properties, but are anxiogenic when first initiating treatment, and in some individuals continue to be anxiety-provoking.

In addition, " antipsychotics " are increasingly used to treat non-psychotic disorders.

For example, they are sometimes used off-label to manage aspects of Tourette syndrome or autism spectrum disorders.

Due to the chronic nature of the treated disorders, antipsychotic medications, once started, are seldom discontinued, and the aim of the treatment is often to gradually reduce dosage to a minimum safe maintenance dose that is enough to control the symptoms.

The albinistic are generally as healthy as the rest of the population ( but see related disorders below ), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer and other problems.

Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, with as many as 25 percent suffering severe psychiatric disturbances.

The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms are anxiety and depression disorders.

Women with alcoholism are more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population, which can lead to higher instances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence on alcohol.

There are many disorders of the skeleton.

There have been repeated findings that between a third and a half of adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder report traumatic / abusive experiences in childhood, which is associated on average with earlier onset, a worse course, and more co-occurring disorders such as PTSD.

MRI and fMRI scans have shown that the amygdala in individuals diagnosed with such disorders including bipolar or panic disorder is larger and wired for a higher level of fear.

Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders ( or with being diagnosed or judged as having a mental disorder ), leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion.

The definition and classification of mental disorders is a key issue for researchers as well as service providers and those who may be diagnosed.

Sexual and gender identity disorders may be diagnosed, including dyspareunia, gender identity disorder and ego-dystonic homosexuality.

A range of developmental disorders that initially occur in childhood may be diagnosed, for example autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ), which may continue into adulthood.

Somatoform disorders may be diagnosed when there are problems that appear to originate in the body that are thought to be manifestations of a mental disorder.

Factitious disorders, such as Munchausen syndrome, are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be experienced ( deliberately produced ) and / or reported ( feigned ) for personal gain.

A majority of those diagnosed with DID meet the criteria for DSM axis II personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder ; a significant minority meet the criteria for avoidant personality disorder and other personality disorders.

The large number of symptoms presented by individuals diagnosed with DID has led to some clinicians suggesting that, rather than being a separate disorder, diagnosis of DID is actually an indication of the severity of the other disorders diagnosed in the patient.

People with DID are diagnosed with five to seven co-morbid disorders on average — much higher than other mental illnesses.

Approximately half of all diagnosed insomnia is related to psychiatric disorders.

Communication disorders are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence though they are not limited as childhood disorders and may persist into adulthood ( DSM IV-TR, Rapoport DSM-IV Training Guide for Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders ).

Tourette's is one of several tic disorders, which are classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) as " disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence " according to type ( motor or phonic tics ) and duration ( transient or chronic ).

There are various other psychological issues that may factor into eating disorders, some fulfill the criteria for a separate Axis I diagnosis or a personality disorder which is coded Axis II and thus are considered comorbid to the diagnosed eating disorder.

Localised disorders are best diagnosed by immunofluorescence of biopsy specimens.

When comparing individuals diagnosed with BPD to those diagnosed with other personality disorders, the former showed a higher rate of also meeting criteria for

The disorders formerly encompassed by the term covered a wide range of mental disorders now diagnosed as organic brain syndromes, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychotic disorders.

Exposure to high levels of methylmercury, through consumption of fish with high mercury concentrations, is also a known cause of ataxia and other neurological disorders.

The movement disorders associated with ataxia can be managed by pharmacological treatments and through physical therapy and occupational therapy to reduce disability.

Laboratory researchers sometimes try to develop animal models of human mental disorders, including by inducing or treating symptoms in animals through genetic, neurological, chemical or behavioral manipulation, but this has been criticized on empirical grounds and opposed on animal rights grounds.

# Medications: Patients have found variable success using topical creams and gels including estrogen and / or testosterone, often specially made through a compounding pharmacy ; oral medicines including testosterone, antidepressants also used for pain disorders ( e. g., nortriptyline, amitriptyline ), and anti-anxiety drugs ; and injectable medications including anesthetics, estrogens, tricyclic antidepressants compounded into a topical form or systemic, local steroids.

* Dysfunction: depending on the tumor location and the damage it may have caused to surrounding brain structures, either through compression or infiltration, any type of focal neurologic symptoms may occur, such as cognitive and behavioral impairment ( including impaired judgment, memory loss, lack of recognition, spatial orientation disorders ), personality or emotional changes, hemiparesis, hypoesthesia, aphasia, ataxia, visual field impairment, impaired sense of smell, impaired hearing, facial paralysis, double vision, dizziness, but more severe symptoms might occur too such as: paralysis on one side of the body hemiplegia or impairment to swallow.

John Read, a psychologist, has promoted the idea of socioeconomic status as a significant factor in the development and prevention of mental disorders such as schizophrenia and has noted the reach of pharmaceutical company through industry sponsored websites as promoting a more biological approach to mental disorders, rather than a comprehensive biological, psychological and social model.

Antidepressants reduce symptoms of mood disorders primarily through the regulation of norepinephrine and serotonin ( particularly the 5-HT receptors ).

As an illness, neurosis represents a variety of mental disorders in which emotional distress or unconscious conflict is expressed through various physical, physiological, and mental disturbances, which may include physical symptoms ( e. g., hysteria ).

The reliable identification of specific genetic susceptibility to particular disorders, through linkage or association studies, has proven difficult.

Maltreatment in childhood and in adulthood, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, domestic violence and bullying, has been linked to the development of mental disorders, through a complex interaction of societal, family, psychological and biological factors.

Sigmund Freud pursued a deep interest in psychosomatic illnesses following his correspondence with Georg Groddeck who was, at the time, researching the possibility of treating physical disorders through psychological processes.

Reelin pathway could also be linked to schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders through its interaction with risk genes.

Individual differences, such as bone-growth disorders, sometimes can be treated through surgery, some hormone disorders can be treated through medication, and by hormone replacement therapy ; this treatment must be done before the child ’ s ' growth plates fuse.

Approximately 40 percent of the 58. 3 million people disabled through alcohol abuse are disabled due to alcohol related neuropsychiatric disorders.

Currently it is used in place of a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia, with donations released for transplant through one registry, Netcord, passing 9000.

People with psychological disorders were thought to be possessed by evil spirits that had to be exorcised through religious rituals.

Radiation Therapists primarily treat cancer although other disorders and conditions can be managed through the care of radiation therapists.

The company is focused on metabolic disorders, gastroenterology, neurology, inflammation, as well as oncology through its independent subsidiary, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company.

Some disorders can be detected before birth through prenatal diagnosis ( screening ).

Thus, from ancient through medieval times, the citron was used mainly for medical purposes: to combat seasickness, pulmonary troubles, intestinal ailments, and other disorders.