Pfanzagl's axiomatization was endorsed by Oskar Morgenstern: " Von Neumann and I have anticipated " the question whether probabilities " might, perhaps more typically, be subjective and have stated specifically that in the latter case axioms could be found from which could derive the desired numerical utility together with a number for the probabilities ( cf.

On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.

Some argue that the concept of the collapse of a " real " wave function was introduced by Heisenberg and later developed by John Von Neumann in 1932.

As a serious proposal, it was first suggested by mathematician John Von Neumann in the late 1940s when he proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton model as a thought experiment.

John von Neumann was his assistant.

Commenting on this, other writers ( such as John von Neumann and David Bohm ) have suggested that consequently there would have to be ' hidden ' variables responsible for random measurement results, something which was not expressly claimed in the original paper.

By contrast, von Neumann recommended against floating point for the 1951 IAS machine, arguing that fixed point arithmetic was preferable.

Herbert's second marriage was to Inge Neumann ( 1910 – 1972 ), the widow of his close friend Franz Neumann ( 1900 – 1954 ).

This theorem was established by John von Neumann, who is quoted as saying " As far as I can see, there could be no theory of games … without that theorem … I thought there was nothing worth publishing until the Minimax Theorem was proved ".

Max Newman was born Maxwell Neumann in Chelsea, London, England, on 7 February 1897.

His father was Herman Alexander Neumann, originally from the German city of Bromberg ( now in Poland ) who had emigrated with his family to London at the age of 15.

Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945.

It was also later found that, with minor circuit modification, the nuvistor made a sufficient replacement for the obsolete Telefunken VF14 tube, used in the famed Neumann U 47 studio microphone.

John von Neumann was a pioneer in computer-based random number generators.

Practitioners quickly realized that this design was not flexible and came up with the " stored program architecture " or von Neumann architecture.

John von Neumann was inspired by these results to design actual working universal computing machines.

Born in Berlin, Hempel attended the University of Göttingen and the University of Heidelberg, then returned to Berlin, where he was taught by influential physicists Hans Reichenbach and Max Planck, and logistics with mathematician John von Neumann.

The work of Alan Turing, including the Turing machine, and of John von Neumann was seminal.

Conway was interested in a problem presented in the 1940s by mathematician John von Neumann, who attempted to find a hypothetical machine that could build copies of itself and succeeded when he found a mathematical model for such a machine with very complicated rules on a rectangular grid.

Ferber was born August 15, 1885, in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to a Hungarian-born Jewish storekeeper and his Milwaukee, Wisconsin-born wife, Jacob Charles and Julia ( Neumann ) Ferber.

Cylindrical implosive configurations had been studied by Seth Neddermeyer, but von Neumann, who had experience with shaped charges used in armor piercing ammunition, was a vocal advocate of spherical implosion driven by explosive lenses.

Soon, it was put to work on Monte Carlo calculations of neutron transport by Metropolis and von Neumann.

the Neumann boundary conditions on the interval take the form:

where denotes the Laplacian, the Neumann boundary conditions on a domain take the form:

Every field ( and every skew field ) is von Neumann regular: for a ≠ 0 we can take x = a < sup >-1 </ sup >.

When he was finished with a take, he accidentally knocked over a vintage Georg Neumann tube microphone.

Unlike for Hilbert spaces, one may take infinite tensor products of von Neumann algebras, and for that matter-algebras of operators, without defining reference states.

* If we take the algebra A to be the complex numbers C, then the crossed product is called the von Neumann group algebra of G.

Hilberg decided to write the greater part of his Ph. D. under the supervision of Franz Neumann, the author of an influential wartime analysis of the German totalitarian state.

This clashed with the lesson Hilberg had absorbed under Neumann, whose Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism ( 1942 ) described the Nazi regime as a virtually stateless political order characterised by chronic bureaucratic infighting and turf disputes.

In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors.

Following the work on expected utility theory of Ramsey and von Neumann, decision-theorists have accounted for rational behavior using a probability distribution for the agent.

The movie Screamers, based on Dick's short story Second Variety, features a group of robot weapons created by mankind to act as Von Neumann devices / berserkers.

Subsequently John von Neumann attempted to establish a general framework for these algebras which culminated in a series of papers on rings of operators.

In 1968, just before he published the first volume, Knuth accepted a job working on problems for the National Security Agency ( NSA ) through their FFRDC the Institute for Defense Analyses ( IDA ) Communications Research Division situated at the time on the Princeton campus in the Von Neumann building as stated in his cumulae vitae.

In work on Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory, the notion of class is informal, whereas other set theories, such as Von Neumann – Bernays – Gödel set theory, axiomatize the notion of " class ", e. g., as entities that are not members of another entity.

On a different front, von Neumann originally dispatched quantum measurement with his infamous postulate on the collapse of the wavefunction, raising a host of philosophical problems.

The von Neumann description of quantum measurement of an observable A, when the system is prepared in a pure state ψ is the following ( note, however, that von Neumann's description dates back to the 1930s and is based on experiments as performed during that time – more specifically the Compton – Simon experiment ; it is not applicable to most present-day measurements within the quantum domain ):

By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of Paul Dirac and John von Neumann, with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics, the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer.

For bipartite pure states, the von Neumann entropy of reduced states is the unique measure of entanglement in the sense that it is the only function on the family of states that satisfies certain axioms required of an entanglement measure.

Accounts of the success of operations research during the war, publication in 1944 of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's Theory of Games and Economic Behavior on the use of game theory for developing and analyzing optimal strategies for military and other uses, and publication of John William's The Compleat Strategyst, a popular exposition of game theory, led to a greater appreciation of mathematical analysis of human behavior.

The Neumann boundary conditions for Laplace's equation specify not the function itself on the boundary of, but its normal derivative.

The Munroe effect or Neumann effect is a focusing of blast energy caused by a hollow or void cut on a surface of explosive.

Late in the war, under the sponsorship of von Neumann, Frankel and Metropolis began to carry out calculations on the first general-purpose electronic computer, the ENIAC.

Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szegő, sketched out with his father's stationery, are now on display at the von Neumann archive at Budapest.

The new generation of poets distanced themselves from both the neo-romantics and the modernists: led by S. K. Neumann, their work focused on concrete reality, free of any pathos, or complicated symbolism.

The Monte Carlo method was coined in the 1940s by John von Neumann, Stanislaw Ulam and Nicholas Metropolis, while they were working on nuclear weapon projects ( Manhattan Project ) in the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

In 1931 the Communists in Berlin decided on a policy of killing two police officers for every communist demonstrator killed by police, and as a result Ulbricht urged fellow communists Heinz Neumann and Hans Kippenberger to plan the assassination of two Berlin police officers, Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck.

* Abelian von Neumann algebra, a von Neumann algebra of operators on a Hilbert space in which all elements commute