* 1583 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes the first English colony in North America, at what is now St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

In the four Atlantic provinces ( Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador ), the reception of English law was automatic, under the principle set out by Blackstone relating to settled colonies.

While Maritimers are predominantly of west European heritage ( Scottish, Irish, English, and Acadian ), immigration to Industrial Cape Breton during the heyday of coal mining and steel manufacturing brought people from eastern Europe as well as from Newfoundland.

An example of a nonstandard English dialect is Southern American English or Newfoundland English.

* 1613 – The first English child born in Canada at Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland to Nicholas Guy.

Newfoundland English is a name for several accents and dialects thereof the English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The dialects that comprise Newfoundland English developed because of Newfoundland's history as well as its geography.

Historically, Newfoundland English was first recognized as a separate dialect by the late 18th century when George Cartwright published a glossary of Newfoundland words.

Newfoundland English is often humorously called Newfinese.

Some Newfoundland English differs from General Canadian English in vowel pronunciation ( e. g., in much of Newfoundland, the words fear and fair are homophones ), in morphology and syntax ( e. g., in Newfoundland the word bes is sometimes used in place of the normally conjugated forms of to be to describe continual actions or states of being, as in that rock usually bes under water instead of that rock is usually under water, but normal conjugation of to be is used in all other cases ; bes is likely a carryover of British Somerset usage with Irish grammar ) or Cornish, and in preservation of archaic adverbial-intensifiers ( e. g., in Newfoundland that play was right boring and that play was some boring both mean " that play was very boring ").

Other marked characteristics of Newfoundland English include the loss of dental fricatives ( voiced and voiceless th sounds ) in many varieties of the dialect ( as in many other nonstandard varieties of English ); they are usually replaced with the closest voiced or voiceless alveolar stop ( t or d ).

The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada ( the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area ) and Africa's north-western coast.

* In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on North American soil, corresponding to today's Eastern coast of Canada, i. e. the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, including the area of land named " Vinland " by Ericson.

It is also the first known European record ( in chapter 38 ) that mentions Vinland ( Winland ) island ( insula ), a land centuries later possibly identified as Newfoundland, Canada, North America, as well as dog-headed people in Scandinavia.

A complete map was published in 2009 ( Flood, et al., 2009 ) using these previous results with high quality mapping obtained in 2006 ( by researchers at Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada who are project partners in this study.

The project was led by Dr Jeff Peakall and Dr Daniel Parsons at the University of Leeds in collaboration with the University of Southampton, Memorial University ( Newfoundland, Canada ), and the Institute of Marine Sciences ( Izmir, Turkey ).

In Canada the provinces of Atlantic Canada are known for being a home of Celtic music, most notably on the islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island.

In some parts of Atlantic Canada, such as Newfoundland, Celtic music is as or more popular than in the old country.

Tel ( now part of Telus ), in which a U. S. company ( GTE ) had a substantial stake ; Bell Canada, which served Ontario, most of Quebec, and part of the Northwest Territories ; and operations in Newfoundland, the Northwest Territories, Yukon and northern B. C.

On the Atlantic coast, the Maritimes are a subregion of Atlantic Canada, which also includes the northeastern province of Newfoundland & Labrador.

The Maritimes were the second area in Canada to be settled by Europeans, after Newfoundland.

The Canadian Senate is structured along regional lines, giving an equal number of seats ( 24 ) to the Maritimes, Ontario, Quebec, and western Canada, in addition to the later entry of Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the three territories.

The Dominion of Newfoundland, Britain's oldest colony in the Americas, joined Canada as a province in 1949.

* The Dock, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

* 1931 – The British Parliament enacts the Statute of Westminster 1931, establishing legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Irish Free State, Dominion of Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa.

* Gander ( Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada )

Francis Bacon played a leading role in creating the British colonies, especially in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Newfoundland in northeastern Canada.

In the 8th century, North Germanic seamen launched a massive expansion, founding important states in Eastern Europe and northern France, while colonizing the Atlantic as far as North America by around 1000 AD ( L ' Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada ).

* 1892 – St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada is devastated in the Great Fire of 1892.

Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant to voice a demand for self-government, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland at the time.

* Mount Janus ( Newfoundland ), Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

* 1949 – The Dominion of Newfoundland joins the Canadian Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada.

* 1527 – The first known letter from North America is sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.

The practice of bedecking the May Bush / Dos Bhealtaine with flowers, ribbons, garlands and coloured egg shells is found among the Gaelic diaspora, most notably in Newfoundland, and in some Easter traditions on the East Coast of the United States.

In some areas of Newfoundland, the custom of decorating the May bush, or bough, is also still extant.

As an example, in British Columbia the forestry industry is of great importance, while the oil and gas industry is important in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador.

The reception date for New Brunswick is 1660 ; for Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, 1758 ; and for Newfoundland and Labrador, 1825.

Nevertheless, the usage of Treptichnus pedum, a reference ichnofossil for the lower boundary of the Cambrian, for the stratigraphic detection of this boundary is always risky because of occurrence of very similar trace fossils belonging to the Treptichnids group well below the T. pedum in Namibia, Spain and Newfoundland, and possibly, in the western USA.

The Marine Atlantic terminal at North Sydney is the terminal for large ferries travelling to Channel-Port aux Basques and seasonally to Argentia on the island of Newfoundland.

The scenery of the island is rivalled in northeastern North America only by Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island tourism marketing places a heavy emphasis on its Scottish Gaelic heritage through events such as the Celtic Colours Festival, held each October, as well as promotions through the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts.

The region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland.

The Mi ' kmaq Nation is also assumed to have crossed the present-day Cabot Strait at around this time to settle on the south coast of Newfoundland but were in a minority position compared to the Beothuk Nation.

There is speculation that Viking explorers discovered and settled in the Vinland region around 1000 AD, which is when the L ' Anse aux Meadows settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador has been dated, and it is possible that further exploration was made into the present-day Maritimes and northeastern United States.

Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, as well as Île-Saint-Jean ( Prince Edward Island ), Île-Royale ( Cape Breton Island ), and other shorelines of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec.

* 2001 – The Canadian province of Newfoundland is renamed Newfoundland and Labrador.

The GSSP of the upper boundary of the Ediacaran is the lower boundary of the Cambrian on the SE coast of Newfoundland approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as a preferred alternative to the base of the Tommotian Stage in Siberia which was selected on the basis of the ichnofossils Treptichnus pedum.

As to the Treptichnus pedum, a reference ichnofossil for the lower boundary of the Cambrian, its usage for the stratigraphic detection of this boundary is always risky because of the occurrence of very similar trace fossils belonging to the Treptichnids group well below the T. pedum in Namibia, Spain and Newfoundland, and possibly, in the western United States.