At that point the deposed emperor was ransomed by Michael I of Epirus, who sent him to Asia Minor, where Alexios ' son-in-law Theodore I Laskaris of the Empire of Nicaea was holding his own against the Latins.

The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus.

Many went to Nicaea, where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court, or to Epirus, where Theodore Angelus did the same ; others fled to Trebizond, where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire.

With Constantinople occupied, claimants to the imperial succession styled themselves as emperor in the chief centers of resistance: The Lackarid dynasty in the Empire of Nicaea, the Komnenid dynasty in the Empire of Trebizond and the Doukid dynasty in the Despotate of Epirus.

* Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea ; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.

The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus.

Former wives of Demetrius were Stratonice of Macedon, the daughter of the Seleucid king Antiochus I, Phthia ( 239 BC ) the daughter of Alexander of Epirus, and Nicaea, the widow of his cousin Alexander.

Byzantine resistance in unconquered sections of the empire such as Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus ultimately liberated the capital and overthrew the crusader states.

Crowned emperor on March 25, 1221 Robert, who was surrounded by enemies, appealed for help to the pope Honorius III and to the king of France Philip II ; but meanwhile his lands were falling into the hands of the rival Despotate of Epirus and Empire of Nicaea ( Battle of Poimanenos ).

However, much of the former Byzantine territory remained in the hands of rival successor states led by Byzantine Greek aristocrats, such as the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Empire of Trebizond, which were bent on reconquest from the Latins.

Distracted by the renewed war with Nicaea, and waiting in vain for assistance from Pope Honorius III and the King of France Philip II, the Latin Empire was unable to prevent the final fall of Thessalonica to Epirus in 1224.

These states faced the attacks of the Byzantine Greek successor states of Nicaea and Epirus, as well as Bulgaria.

It was re-occupied by the Despote of Epirus Michael II until 1259 when the Despotate was defeated by the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea in the Battle of Pelagonia.

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, control of the road was vital for the survival of the Latin Empire as well as the Byzantine successor states the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus.

The Latin Empire, which was established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Byzantine successor states sprang up in Epirus and Trebizond as well as Nicaea, although Trebizond broke away as an independent state a few weeks before the fall of Constantinople.

In 1255 he became embroiled in the War of the Euboeote Succession, and in 1259 he allied with Michael II, despot of Epirus, against Michael VIII Palaeologus of Nicaea.

Walter hired the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor, to fight against the Byzantine successor states of Epirus and Nicaea, but when he tried to cheat and kill them in 1311, they slew him at the Battle of Halmyros and took over the Duchy, making Catalan the official language and replacing the French and Byzantine-derived laws of the Principality of Achaea with the laws of Catalonia.

John X Kamateros, the Patriarch of Constantinople, did not consider him a legitimate successor and instead joined Theodore I Laskaris in Nicaea ; Michael instead recognized the authority of Pope Innocent III over Epirus, cutting ties to the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Theodore's younger son Demetrios Angelos Doukas lost Thessalonica to Nicaea in 1246 and Michael II of Epirus allied with the Latins against the Nicaeans.

In 1248 John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea forced Michael to recognize him as emperor, and officially recognized him in turn as despotēs in Epirus.

Successor states of the Byzantine Empire after the 4th Crusade: The Empire of Trebizond, Empire of Nicaea and Despotate of Epirus.

The rulers of Trebizond called themselves Megas Komnenos (" Great Comnenus ") and – like their counterparts in the other two Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus – initially claimed supremacy as " Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans.

The Battle of Pelagonia took place in September 1259, between the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus, Sicily and the Principality of Achaea.

The Second Council of Nicaea is recognized as the seventh of the first seven ecumenical councils by both West and East.

Catholics, while accepting the biological reality of blood and water as emanating from the pierced heart and body cavity of Christ, also acknowledge the allegorical interpretation: it represents one of the main key teachings / mysteries of the Church, and one of the main themes of the Gospel of Matthew, which is the homoousian interpretation adopted by the First Council of Nicaea, that " Jesus Christ was both true God and true man.

Historian Avril Cameron explains what the Council of Chalcedon meant in greater detail, " It developed and clarified the creed of Nicaea, according to which God was Father, Son and Holy Spirit, by further proclaiming that Christ was at all times after the Incarnation fully God and fully human ..." Through both councils, Pulcheria devoted the last years of her life to the idea that she was the Theotokos, and had three churches in Constantinople dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

Conciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology, arguing that many of the most important decisions of the Catholic Church have been made through conciliar means, beginning with the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ).

Anastasius translated from Greek into Latin the " Acts " of both the Second Council of Nicaea and the Fourth Council of Constantinople, as well as several legends of saints, along with other writings.

In order to understand the theological significance of Acacianism as a critical episode in both the logical and historical progress of Arianism, it is needful to recall that the great definition of the Homoousion, promulgated at Nicaea in 325, rather than putting an end to further discussion, became the occasion for keener debate and for still more confusion of statement in the formulation of theories on the relationship of Our Lord to His Father.

In both these poems, the language of which was so obscure that they required special commentaries, his model appears to have been Parthenius of Nicaea.

By banning further establishment of double monasteries and limiting their applicant pool, the Second Council of Nicaea effectively ensured that double monasteries throughout both England and Gaul would not exist within a century.

That Macedonopolis and Birtha are one see is proved by the subscriptions at the First Council of Nicaea, where we see that in both Syriac and Arabic lists it corresponds with Macedonopolis in Greek and Latin lists ( Gelzer, Patrum Niceænorum nomina, 242 ).

Arsinoe I was named in honor of an unnamed grandmother, who may have been the mother of Lysimachus or the mother of Nicaea whose both names of these women are unknown.

The Emperors of Nicaea managed to form a small but effective force using the same structure of light and heavily armed troops, both natives and foreigners.

* 1258 – Regent George Mouzalon and his brothers are killed during a coup headed by the aristocratic faction under, paving the way for its leader, Michael VIII Palaiologos, to ultimately usurp the throne of the Empire of Nicaea.

Adhemar negotiated with Alexius I Comnenus at Constantinople, reestablished at Nicaea some discipline among the crusaders, fought a crucial role at the Battle of Dorylaeum and was largely responsible for sustaining morale during the siege of Antioch through various religious rites including fasting and special observances of holy days.

Within the Bursa Province, the towns of İznik ( Nicaea ), Mudanya and Zeytinbağı are especially notable for their long history and important monuments.

Leo had pressed for it to take place in Italy, but Emperor Marcian instead called for it to convene at Nicaea.

A letter Eusebius is supposed to have written to Constantine's daughter Constanza, refusing to fulfill her request for images of Christ, was quoted in the decrees ( now lost ) of the Iconoclast Council of Hieria in 754, and later quoted in part in the rebuttal of the Hieria decrees in the Second Council of Nicaea of 787, now the only source from which some of the text is known.

This corresponds to the Christian tradition of fasting for forty days in Lent ; a practice that is not witnessed earlier than the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ).

Yet, Lutherans and Orthodox are in agreement that the Second Council of Nicaea confirms the christological teaching of the earlier councils and in setting forth the role of images ( icons ) in the lives of the faithful reaffirms the reality of the incarnation of the eternal Word of God, when it states: " The more frequently, Christ, Mary, the mother of God, and the saints are seen, the more are those who see them drawn to remember and long for those who serve as models, and to pay these icons the tribute of salutation and respectful veneration.

The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books.

The seventh general council, the second of Nicaea, held A. D. 787, in which the worship of images was established with copious notes from the " Caroline books ", compiled by order of Charlemagne for its confutation, London, W. E.

His father Theodore, one of the secretaries of Emperor Constantine V Kopronymos, had been scourged and banished to Nicaea for his zealous support of Iconodules, and the son inherited the religious convictions of the father.

Feeling that the primatial rights of the bishop of Rome were threatened, Leo appealed to the civil power for support, and obtained from Valentinian III the famous decree of 6 June 445, which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome based on the merits of Peter, the dignity of the city, and the legislation of the First Council of Nicaea ; and provided for the forcible extradition by provincial governors of any bishop who refused to answer a summons to Rome.

Though there is still-controversial evidence that Aristarchus of Samos possessed distinct values for the sidereal and tropical years as early as c. 280 BC, the discovery of precession is usually attributed to Hipparchus ( 190 – 120 BC ) of Rhodes or Nicaea, a Greek astronomer.

In Bithynia Theodore established himself in Nicaea, which became the chief rallying-point for his countrymen.

Bithynia also contained Nicaea, noted for being the birthplace of the Nicene Creed.

Throughout the imperial period, Nicaea remained an important town ; for its situation was particularly favourable, being only distant from Prusa ( Pliny v. 32 ), and from Constantinople.

) When Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Empire, Nicaea did not lose in importance ; for its present walls, which were erected during the last period of the Empire, enclose a much greater space than that ascribed to the place in the time of Strabo.

At the First Ecumenical Council, held in 325 at Nicaea, it was decided to celebrate Easter on the Sunday following the so-called Paschal Full Moon, as for the Christian church to differentiate itself from their Jewish counterparts.

This was abandoned shortly after Nicaea, but the reason for the observed discrepancy was all but ignored ( the actual tropical year is not quite equal to the Julian year of 365¼ days, so the date of the equinox keeps creeping back in the Julian calendar ).

However, it came to be considered that Easter should be held on a Sunday, the day of the resurrection, and the First Council of Nicaea in 325 fixed the precise date for celebrating Easter so that all Christian churches in all regions should celebrate the principal festival of the Church on the same day.

Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it " his home ", as opposed to his description of his villa in Italy (" my residence in Italy ").