Among these have been many writers, artists and musicians ; these include Pulitzer Prize-winning and Nobel Laureate Saul Bellow, Andrei Bely, Joseph Beuys, Owen Barfield, Wassily Kandinsky, Nobel Laureates Selma Lagerlöf and Albert Schweitzer, Andrei Tarkovsky, Bruno Walter, and Right Livelihood Award winner Ibrahim Abouleish.

* The sea slug Aplysia was chosen by Nobel Prize-winning neurophysiologist Eric Kandel as a model for studying the cellular basis of learning and memory, because of the simplicity and accessibility of its nervous system, and it has been examined in hundreds of experiments.

In the 1980s, Milton Friedman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist and father of Monetarism, contended that some of the concerns of trade deficits are unfair criticisms in an attempt to push macroeconomic policies favorable to exporting industries.

Hofstadter was born in New York City, the son of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert Hofstadter.

The scheme is named for its inventor, Nobel Prize-winning American physicist Richard Feynman, and was first introduced in 1948.

* James M. Buchanan, Nobel Prize-winning economist ( 1986 )

* Vernon L. Smith, Nobel Prize-winning economist ( 2002 )

The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the British biophysicists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley as part of their Nobel Prize-winning research on the action potential, published in 1952.

Torvalds was named after Linus Pauling, the Nobel Prize-winning American chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution, Torvalds is quoted as saying, " I think I was named equally for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character ", noting that this makes him half " Nobel-prize-winning chemist " and half " blanket-carrying cartoon character ".

In October 2010, Lederman participated in the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students got to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize-winning Scientist over a brown bag lunch.

* One of Nobel Prize-winning poet Seamus Heaney's best known works is titled Limbo.

* 2010 – James W. Black, Scottish Nobel Prize-winning doctor and medical research scientist ( b. 1924 )

The times have been expressed by 20th-century novelists as well, such as the Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, whose novel Beloved was adapted as a film of the same name.

The term was first used by Irving Langmuir, Nobel Prize-winning chemist, during a 1953 colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory.

* 23-Bernard Katz, 92, American Nobel Prize-winning biophysicist.

* 25-Franco Modigliani, 85, Nobel Prize-winning economist.

* 13-Bertram Brockhouse, Nobel Prize-winning Canadian physicist.

Nobel Prize-winning physicist Hans Bethe went to Livermore in February 1983 for a two-day briefing on the X-ray laser, and " Although impressed with its scientific novelty, Bethe went away highly skeptical it would contribute anything to the nation's defense.

While Hardin recommended that the tragedy of the commons could be prevented by either more government regulation or privatizing the commons property, subsequent Nobel Prize-winning work by Elinor Ostrom suggests that handing control of local areas to national and international regulators can create further problems .< ref name =" non-tragedy ">

Lord of the Flies is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author William Golding about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabited island who try to govern themselves, with disastrous results.

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. ( December 9, 1919April 14, 2011 ) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist working in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.

During the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos hosted thousands of employees, including many Nobel Prize-winning scientists.

While at Chicago, he took a course under the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert A. Millikan, which exposed him to the old quantum theory.

This was the first of a long series of experiments that Rubbia has performed in the field of weak interactions and which culminated in the Nobel Prize-winning work at CERN.

* 1901 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian economist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1985 )

* 1902 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1998 )

* 1979 – Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1899 )

* 1921 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

* 1924 – Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

* 1910 – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-American economist Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1985 )

* 1913 – Richard Stone, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1991 )

* 1921 – Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel laureate

* 1898 – Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics ( d. 1987 )

* 1940 – Edward C. Prescott, American economist, Nobel laureate

The 2007 print version of the Britannica has 4, 411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel Laureate economist Milton Friedman, astronomer Carl Sagan, and surgeon Michael DeBakey.

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman argued for the modern concept of vouchers in the 1950s, stating that competition would improve schools and cost efficiency.

* 1953 – Paul Krugman, American economist, Nobel laureate

* 1943 – Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist, Nobel laureate

* 2001 – Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel laureate ( b. 1916 )

On 9 October 1974, it was announced that Hayek would be awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, along with Swedish socialist economist Gunnar Myrdal.

Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist ( after Kenneth Arrow ) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, particularly since his lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelization.

A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognize Hayek as the greatest modern economist.

Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson believes that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claims that " there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity.

* 1973 – Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel laureate ( b. 1895 )