Northumbrian " mohðe ") from Common Germanic ( compare Old Norse " motti ", Dutch " mot " and German " Motte " all meaning " moth ").

The name derives from the Old English scīp (' sheep ', a Northumbrian dialect form, contrasting with the Anglian dialect form scēp which underlies modern English sheep ) and lēah (' open ground, such as meadow, pasture, or arable land ').

In Old English there is The Dream of the Rood, from which lines are found on the Ruthwell Cross, making it the only surviving fragment of Northumbrian Old English from early Medieval Scotland.

Ēostre or Ostara ( Northumbrian Old English: Ēostre ; West Saxon Old English: Ēastre ; ) is a goddess in Germanic paganism who, by way of the Germanic month bearing her name ( Northumbrian: Ēosturmōnaþ ; West Saxon: Ēastermōnaþ ; Old High German: Ôstarmânoth ), is the namesake of the festival of Easter.

The modern English language term bless likely derives from the 1225 term blessen, which developed from the Old English blǣdsian ( preserved in the Northumbrian dialect around 950 AD ).

Many non-standard dialects such as Scots and Northumbrian English have retained features of Old English in vocabulary and pronunciation.

* Between 950 and 970, Aldred the Scribe added a gloss in the Northumbrian dialect of Old English ( the Northumbrian Gloss on the Gospels ) to the Lindisfarne Gospels as well as a foreword describing who wrote and decorated it.

" Reive " is an early English word for " to rob ", from the Northumbrian and Scots verb reifen from the Old English rēafian, and thus related to the archaic Standard English verb reave (" to plunder ", " to rob "), and to the modern English word " ruffian ".

* The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions ( 1871 )

The modern English language term bless likely derives from the 1225 term blessen, which developed from the Old English blǣdsian ( preserved in the Northumbrian dialect around 950 ).

Northumbrian was a dialect of the Old English language spoken in the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria.

The earliest surviving Old English texts were written in Northumbrian: these are Caedmon's Hymn and Bede's Death Song.

The northern Northumbrian dialect not only retained a lot of the Old English words ( replaced in the south by Norse words ) but was also a strong influence on the development of the English language in northern England, especially the dialects of modern North East England and Scotland.

It was one of four dialect-groups of Old English, the other three being Mercian, Northumbrian ( known collectively as the Anglian dialects ), and West Saxon.

The latter part of the name, formerly spelt ' toun ', is likely to descend from its Northumbrian Old English and later Scots meaning as ' farmstead ' or ' farm and outbuildings ' rather than the meaning ' town '.

Bede ( ; ; 672 / 673 – 26 May 735 ), also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (), was an English monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow ( see Monkwearmouth-Jarrow ), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria.

Successively, the word elf, as well as literary term fairy, evolved to a general denotation of various nature spirits like Puck, hobgoblins, Robin Goodfellow, the English and Scots brownie, the Northumbrian English hob and so forth.

Sources for this period in Kentish history include The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written in 731 by Bede, a Northumbrian monk.

Scots, as spoken in the lowlands and along the east coast of Scotland, developed independently from Modern English and is based on the Northern dialects of Anglo-Saxon, particularly Northumbrian, which also serve as the basis of Northern English dialects such as those of Yorkshire and Newcastle upon Tyne.

The earliest mention of Ninian of Whithorn is in a short passage of The Ecclesiastical History of the English People by the Northumbrian monk Bede in ca.

The kingdom passed between English, Norse and Norse-Gaelic kings until it was finally absorbed by king Eadred after the death of the last independent Northumbrian monarch, Erik Bloodaxe, in 954.

The Scots language began to diverge from early Northumbrian Middle English, which was called Ynglis as late as the early 16th century ( until the end of the 15th century the name Scottis ( modern form: Scots ) referred to Scottish Gaelic ).

As an example of the difference in the softer South County Durham / Wearside the English ' book ' is pronounced ' bewk ', in Geordie it becomes ' bouk ' while in the Northumbrian it is ' byuk '.

In other European folklore, there are many beings similar to the tomte, such as the Scots and English brownie, Northumbrian English hob, the German Heinzelmännchen or the Russian domovoi.

It addressed the issue of Easter calculation and the proper monastic tonsure, and concerned only the part of the English Church that answered to the See of Lindisfarne – that is, it was a Northumbrian affair.

Cædmon ( or ) is the earliest English ( Northumbrian ) poet whose name is known.

Ecgfrith appears to have been the earliest Northumbrian king, and perhaps the earliest of the Anglo-Saxon rulers, to have issued the silver penny, which became the mainstay of English coinage for centuries afterwards.

Earl Henry, possibly seriously ill in the 1140s, died unexpectedly at Newcastle or Roxburgh on 12 June 1152, in a Northumbrian domain which David I and he had attached to the Scots crown in the period of English weakness after the death of Henry I of England.

Alfred had been on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the Northumbrian and East Anglian Danes were besieging Exeter and an unnamed stronghold on the North Devon shore.

The preface makes it clear that Ceolwulf had requested the earlier copy, and Bede had asked for Ceolwulf's approval ; this correspondence with the king indicates that Bede's monastery had excellent connections among the Northumbrian nobility.

He says relatively little about the achievements of Mercia and Wessex, omitting, for example, any mention of Boniface, a West Saxon missionary to the continent of some renown and of whom Bede had almost certainly heard, though Bede does discuss Northumbrian missionaries to the continent.

The Great Army defeated an attack on York by the two rivals for the Northumbrian throne, Osberht and Ælla, who had put aside their differences in the face of a common enemy.

by the time of Bede's account in 731, the Northumbrians had enjoyed an unbroken relationship with Galloway for a century or longer, beginning with the Northumbrian predecessor state of Bernicia.

The nobleman Benedict Biscop had visited Rome and headed the monastery at Canterbury in Kent and his twin-foundation Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey added a direct Roman influence to Northumbrian culture, and produced figures such as Ceolfrith and Bede.

The Historia Regum suggests that the threat of an independent Northumbrian king had come to an end in 952, when earls finally took over the helm.

When Eadred succeeded to the throne in 946, Northumbrian as well as Scottish loyalties had proved unstable, though nothing is known for certain of the ambitions of rival rulers at this stage.

Early in 1069 the newly installed Norman Earl of Northumbria Robert de Comines and several hundred soldiers accompanying him were massacred at Durham ; the Northumbrian rebellion was joined by Edgar, Gospatric, Siward Barn and other rebels who had taken refuge in Scotland.

In the early 660s, he expelled Ionan monks from the monastery of Ripon and gave it to Wilfrid, a Northumbrian churchman who had recently returned from Rome.

Although Oswiu himself had been brought up in the " Celtic " tradition, political pressures may have influenced his decision to call a council, as well as fears that if dissent over the date of Easter continued in the Northumbrian church it could lead to internal strife.

After the supporters of the " Celtic churches " had withdrawn following the Council of Whitby, Wilfrid became the most prominent Northumbrian cleric.

The northern portion was kept under direct Northumbrian control ; the southern kingdom was given to Penda's son Peada, who had married Oswiu's daughter Ealhflæd ca 653.

By Edwin's death, it is likely that these annual wars, unreported in the main, had extended the Northumbrian kingdoms from the Humber and the Mersey north to the Southern Uplands and the Cheviots.

The 20th century historian Frank Stenton wrote that " the continuous history of Northumbria, and indeed of England, begins with the reign of Æthelfrith ", and that " he was the real founder of the historic Northumbrian kingdom, and he was remembered as the first great leader who had arisen among the northern Angles.

The monastery had strong association with members of the Northumbrian royal family and played an important role in the establishment of Roman Christianity in England during that historical period.

He had wished to encourage the Northumbrian smallpipes, and to support the piper John Peacock, so he encouraged Peacock to teach pupils to become masters of this kind of music.

Mercia's position of dominance, established after the battle of Maserfield, was destroyed, and Northumbrian dominance was restored ; Mercia itself was divided, with the northern part being taken by Oswiu outright and the southern part going to Penda's Christian son Peada, who had married into the Bernician royal line ( although Peada survived only until his murder in 656 ).

Oswald had defeated Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd, King of the Britons ( Penda's ally at Hatfield ) at Heavenfield in 634, and subsequently re-established Northumbrian hegemony across much of Britain ; although it is thought that Penda recognized Oswald's authority in some form after Hatfield, he may nevertheless have been hostile to Northumbrian power or at least perceived by Oswald as a threat.

The Northumbrian hegemony over Northern Britain, won by Ecgfrith's predecessors, had begun to disintegrate.