Null alleles can be attributed to several phenomena.

* Null allele ( genetics )

* Null allele

* Null allele

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" Christopher Null gave the film four stars out of five, and wrote, " They don't make ' em like this anymore ...

A number of bands in these genres got their start in, or make Madison home: most notably Stromkern, Null Device & Caustic, plus a number of others.

* Null component: A Null component can make sure nothing happens in an IF-ELSE statement.

Null set was once a common synonym for " empty set ", but is now a technical term in measure theory.

Amidst the devastation of the Stunde Null year of 1945 cinema attendance was unsurprisingly down to a fraction of its wartime heights, but already by the end of the decade it had reached levels that exceeded the pre-war period.

The Null Stern Hotel in Teufen, Appenzellerland, Switzerland and the Concrete Mushrooms in Albania are former nuclear bunkers transformed into hotels.

This incident led to German Admiral Dönitz issuing the Triton Null signal on 17 September 1942, which came to be known as the " Laconia Order "; the signal forbade submarine commanders from rescuing survivors from torpedoed ships.

Carroll's 1987 book Liber Null & Psychonaut is considered one of the defining works of the chaos magic movement.

The results of the data analysis in confirming or failing to reject the Null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated.

Null space of the Gram matrix is given by vectors for which.

Another feature is the NET ( Null End Tag ) construction:, which is structurally equivalent to.

Christopher Null of Filmcritic. com said, " In our collective consciousness, Leatherface and his chainsaw have become as iconic as Freddy and his razors or Jason and his hockey mask.

Because of the significance of this distinction, gender changers and null modems for serial communications are typically labeled with the words Gender Changer or Null Modem to clarify the internal wiring.

# Null ( A ) always contains the zero vector, since A0 = 0.

Christopher Null believes, " the send-up of Mussolini-types doesn't quite pan out.

Other key Japanese noise artists that contributed to this upsurge of activity include Hijokaidan, Boredoms, C. C. C. C., Incapacitants, KK Null, Yamazaki Maso's Masonna, Solmania, K2, The Gerogerigegege and Hanatarash.

* Null reference device: Does nothing.

Residents are zoned to Sheldon Early Childhood Academy, Sheldon Elementary School, Michael R. Null Middle School, and C. E.

** George M. Null Elementary School – ( K-04 ) – St. Charles

Nearly all modern non-African humans have 1 % to 4 % of their DNA derived from Neanderthal DNA, and this finding is consistent with recent studies indicating that the divergence of some human alleles dates to one Ma, although the interpretation of these studies has been questioned.

One common example of a microsatellite is a ( CA )< sub > n </ sub > repeat, where n varies between alleles.

As there are often many alleles present at a microsatellite locus, genotypes within pedigrees are often fully informative, in that the progenitor of a particular allele can often be identified.

Mutation in microsatellite alleles is biased in the sense that larger alleles contain more bases, and are therefore likely to be mistranslated in DNA replication.

Bengal tigers are defined by three distinct mitochondrial nucleotide sites and 12 unique microsatellite alleles.

Recent studies of the distribution of alleles on the Y chromosome, microsatellite DNA, and mitochondrial DNA in India have cast doubt for a biological Dravidian " race " distinct from non-Dravidians in the Indian subcontinent ; other recent genetic studies have found evidence of Aryan, Dravidian and pre-Dravidian ( original Asian ) strata in South Asian populations.

In a 2011 study examining the effects of microsatellite choice and Y-chromosomal variation, the authors conclude: " Subsequently, we suggest that most STR-based Y chromosome dates are likely to be underestimates due to the molecular characteristics of the markers commonly used, such as their mutation rate and the range of potential alleles that STR can take, which potentially leads to a loss of time-linearity.

Such a " wild type " allele was historically regarded as dominant, common, and " normal ", in contrast to " mutant " alleles regarded as recessive, rare, and frequently deleterious.

For example, in peas the allele for green pods, G, is dominant to that for yellow pods, g. Thus pea plants with the pair of alleles either GG ( homozygote ) or Gg ( heterozygote ) will have green pods.

However, because close relatives share a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such rare deleterious allele present in the common ancestor will be inherited from both related parents is increased dramatically with respect to non-inbred couples.

Imprinted alleles are silenced such that the genes are either expressed only from the non-imprinted allele inherited from the mother ( e. g. H19 or CDKN1C ), or in other instances from the non-imprinted allele inherited from the father ( e. g. IGF-2 ).

A population's allele frequency is the fraction or percentage of its gene copies compared to the total number of gene alleles that share a particular form.

For example, if the alleles on homologous chromosomes exhibit a " simple dominance " relationship, the trait of the " dominant " allele shows in the phenotype.

Since both alleles need to be mutated in order for the disorder to develop, the second allele must develop the mutation in at least one other cell in their bodies.

Furthermore, stochastic effects of sampling that occurs during mating may change allele frequencies in a way that is very similar to the effect of null alleles ; an excessive frequency of homozygotes causing deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations.

Should a child inherit the version of homozygous alleles responsible for a birth defect from its parents, the birth defect will be expressed ; on the other hand, should the child inherit the version of homozygous alleles not responsible for a birth defect, it would actually decrease the ratio of the allele version responsible for the birth defect in that population.

* Identity by descent ( biology ), alleles that are identical because they descended directly from the same ancestral allele.

Meiotic recombination allows a more independent selection between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes, as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes.

Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression ( phenotype ) of another allele at the same locus.

In the simplest case, the phenotypic effect of one allele completely masks the other in heterozygous combination ; that is, the phenotype produced by the two alleles in heterozygous combination is identical to that produced by one of the two homozygous genotypes.

In the pea example, once the dominance relationships of the two alleles are known, it is possible to designate the dominant allele that produces a round shape by a capital-letter symbol R, and the alternative recessive allele that produces a wrinkled shape by a lower-case symbol r. The homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes are then written RR, Rr, and rr, respectively.

This fluctuation is genetic drift – a change in the population's allele frequency resulting from a random variation in the distribution of alleles from one generation to the next.

This results in a reduction in the number of forms of alleles in a small population and in extreme cases to monomorphism where there is only one form of the allele.

* Highly penetrant alleles, and highly heritable symptoms, are easier to demonstrate, because if the allele is present, the phenotype is generally expressed.

Penetrance at a given allele may be polygenic, modified by the presence or absence of polymorphic alleles at other gene loci.

For alleles with incomplete penetrance, the penetrance of the allele is not the same as the attributable risk.