From Scotus, Ockham derived his view of divine omnipotence, his view of grace and justification, much of his epistemology and ethical convictions.

Louis himself obtained much support from the Imperial Free Cities and the knights and successfully resisted Charles, who was widely regarded as a papal puppet (" rex clericorum " as William of Ockham called him ).

Modal logic as a self-aware subject owes much to the writings of the Scholastics, in particular William of Ockham and John Duns Scotus, who reasoned informally in a modal manner, mainly to analyze statements about essence and accident.

The Catholic Church, too, views holy tradition in much the same terms, as a passing down of that same Apostolic Faith, but, in a critical difference from the Eastern Orthodox position, holds that the Faith continues to deepen and develop over time, and in our understanding of it, all the while staying the same ; thus the doctrine of the Trinity, the two natures of Christ, the divine motherhood, the Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, along with other central Catholic Christian doctrines were not fully defined until many years after Christ had ascended and the Apostles had died, and that our understanding of them may continue to deepen, not only through mystical experience, but through the sciences of philosophy and theology, exemplified by the Scholastics, such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham of the High Middle Ages.

It can be found in the work of Peter Abelard and reached its flowering in William of Ockham, who was the most influential and thorough nominalist.

His work in this period became the subject of controversy, and many scholars have thought that Ockham was summoned before the Papal court of Avignon in 1324 under charges of heresy.

Albert's work in logic also shows strong influence by William of Ockham, whose commentaries on the logica vetus ( on Porphyry, and Aristotle's Categoriae and De interpretatione ) were made the subject of a series of works called Quaestiones by Albert.

His work consists in the systematic development of the views of his master, William Ockham.

In the 1330s he taught at Augustinian schools in Bologna, Padua and Perugia, where he became familiar with the recent work of Oxford thinkers such as Adam Wodeham, William Ockham, and Walter Chatton.

Ockham was certainly aware of Auriol's work.

At about the same time, the nominalist philosopher William of Ockham argued, in Book I of his Summa Totius Logicae ( Treatise on all Logic, written some time before 1327 ), that Categories are not a form of Being in their own right, but derivative on the existence of individuals.

William of Ockham ( d. 1349 ) wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism.

These doctrines are considered by some to have prepared the way for the conceptualism of Ockham.

After studying the works of John XXII and previous papal statements, Ockham agreed with the Minister General.

If Wycliffe was in philosophy the superior of his contemporaries and had no equal in scholastic discipline, he belongs with the series of great scholastic philosophers and theologians in which England in the Middle Ages was so rich – with Alexander of Hales, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham ( Occam ), and Thomas Bradwardine.

The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham, but they used them in a more conservative way.

Scholasticism dominated both the philosophical and theological landscape in the Middle Ages, with theologians such as Aquinas, Anselm of Canterbury, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Peter Abelard, Bonaventure, and Albertus Magnus playing key role in both philosophy and theology.

Ockham is also increasingly being recognized as an important contributor to the development of Western constitutional ideas, especially those of government with limited responsibility.

Ockham and his works have been discussed as a possible influence on several late medieval literary figures and works, especially Geoffrey Chaucer, but also Jean Molinet, the Gawain Poet, François Rabelais, John Skelton, Julian of Norwich, the York and Townely Plays, and Renaissance romances.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

* 1328 – William of Ockham, Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.

For doing this Ockham was solemnly excommunicated by Pope John XXII, while Ockham believed that John XXII was himself guilty of heresy for refusing to accept the Franciscan claim.

Ockham stated the principle in various ways, but the most popular version was written by John Punch from Cork in 1639 ( Meyer 1957 ).

Guelphic predominance at Rome was later restored, and Pope John excommunicated William of Ockham.

In his conflict with the latter, Pope John XXII excommunicated two leading philosophers, Marsilius of Padua and William Ockham, who were outspoken critics of the Papacy, and who had found refuge with Ludwig of Bavaria in Munich.

* May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII.

* Longeway, John Lee ( 2007 ), Demonstration and Scientific Knowledge in William of Ockham, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN.

Various forms of divine command theory have been presented in the past by philosophers including William Ockham, St Augustine, Duns Scotus, and John Calvin.

Associated with John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham ( two of the foremost medieval scholastic philosophers ), voluntarism is generally taken to be the philosophical emphasis on the divine will and human freedom.

The scholars William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua defended this " first civil marriage " of the Middle Ages, claiming that John Henry had never consummated his matrimony.

Later, he was excommunicated by Pope John XXII, whom Ockham accused of heresy.

Though following the order of The Sentences, the commentaries of Capreolus are a calm, learned, and penetrating exposition of the teaching of St. Thomas, as well as a comprehensive defence against sundry opponents and critics, including Scotus, Henry of Ghent, John of Ripa, Guido the Carmelite, Aureolus, Durandus, Gregory of Rimini, William of Ockham, and other Nominalists.

The main figures of scholasticism historically are Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas.

Other important Franciscan scholastics were Duns Scotus, Peter Auriol and William of Ockham.

" Similar concerns drove the medieval voluntarists Duns Scotus and William of Ockham.

* Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham Paul Vincent Spade, trans.

Some Later Medieval Theories of the Eucharist: Thomas Aquinas, Giles of Rome, Duns Scotus, and William Ockham.

Both these opinions were denied by Scotus ' pupil William of Ockham.

Aquinas, Ockham and Scotus wrote commentaries on On Interpretation.

Ockham and Scotus wrote commentaries on the Categories and Sophistical Refutations.

All the great scholastic thinkers, such as Aquinas, Ockham, Bonaventure, and Scotus, wrote commentaries on the Sentences.