Though he quickly dropped " Octavianus " from his name and his contemporaries referred to him as " Caesar " during this period, historians refer to him as Octavian between 44 BC and 27 BC.

Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when without official permission he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's Near Eastern province

Octavian was not present, but at the next meeting made a reply of such a nature that the consuls both left Rome to join Antony ; and Antony, when he heard of it, after publicly divorcing Octavia, came at once to Ephesus with Cleopatra, where a vast fleet was gathered from all parts of the East, of which Cleopatra furnished a large proportion.

But, by the publication of Antony's will, which had been put into his hands by the traitor Plancus, and by carefully letting it be known at Rome what preparations were going on at Samos, and how entirely Antony was acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31, for which he had been designated, and a vote for a proclamation of war against Cleopatra, well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named.

At Samos, Octavian received a message from Cleopatra with the present of a gold crown and throne, offering to abdicate in favour of her sons.

C. Cornelius Gallus was advancing from Paraetonium ; and Octavian himself landed at Pelusium, with the connivance it was believed of Cleopatra.

The queen was shortly afterwards brought from this place to the palace and vainly attempted to move Octavian to pity.

This constitutional tradition prevented both Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus from accepting a crown ; instead they had to devise a confluence of several republican offices onto their persons in order to secure absolute power.

Antony now planned to retaliate by invading Parthia, and secured an agreement from Octavian to supply him with extra troops for his campaign.

In 30 BC, Octavian became Roman emperor, reorganized the colony, and established more settlers there, veterans possibly from the Praetorian Guard and other Italians.

The city was renamed Colonia Iulia Philippensis, and then Colonia Augusta Iulia Philippensis after January, 27 BC, when Octavian received the title Augustus from the Roman Senate.

After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar, Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, supposedly including, according to the tradition, an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil.

The biographical tradition says that Virgil and Maecenas took turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

* April – Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia ( his mother and Caesar's niece ) and consular stepfather Antony.

In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Roman Senate, one of his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar declared murderers and enemies of the state.

* January 17 – Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage.

Octavian gained permission from the College of Pontiffs to wed her while she was still pregnant from another husband.

Octavian Caesar gives 1, 000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20, 000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria.

* Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacified Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regained Armenia from Parthia.

* August – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harass the coast from Mylae to Tyndaris.

Cassius also wanted to prevent Cleopatra from bringing reinforcements for Antony and Octavian.

Octavian calls Antony back to Rome from Alexandria in order to help him fight against Sextus Pompey, Menecrates, and Menas, three notorious pirates of the Mediterranean.

Octavian, despite his youth, extorted from the Senate the post of suffect consul ( consul suffectus ) for 43 BC.

In response to this siege, Octavian rallied his troops and fought a series of battles in which Antonius was defeated.

Both Octavian and Mark Antony had fought against their common enemies in the civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar.

Disagreement between Octavian and Antony erupted into civil war, the final war of the Roman Republic, in 31 BC.

In spring 40 BC he was forced to return to Rome following news of his wife Fulvia's involvement in civil strife with Octavian on his behalf.

* 42 BC – Roman Republican civil wars: Second Battle of Philippi – Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat Brutus's army.

During the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian ( 40 BC ), the city of Perugia supported Antony and was almost completely destroyed by the latter.

In the Roman civil war between the Caesarian faction, led by Mark Antony and Octavian, and the faction including the assassins of Caesar, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, Cleopatra sided with the Caesarian party because of her past.

Octavian himself resigned shortly after, allowing the appointment of a second pair of suffect consuls ( the original consuls for the year, Caesar's legate Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, had died fighting on the Senate's side of the first civil war to follow Caesar's death, that between the Senate and Mark Antony himself ).

Rome was outraged, and the Senate declared war against Cleopatra, an important distinction because Octavian did not want the Roman people to consider it a civil war.

Pollio prevaricated between Mark Antony and Octavian as civil war between them brewed, but ultimately threw in his lot with Antony.

During the civil war between Octavian and Antony, Agrippa tried to turn the lake into a military port, the Portus Julius.

Lepidus was sidelined early in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in civil war, leaving Octavian the sole leader.

The road played a vital role in several key moments in Roman history: the armies of Julius Caesar and Pompey marched along the Via Egnatia during Caesar's civil war, and during the Liberators ' civil war Mark Antony and Octavian pursued Cassius and Brutus along the Via Appia to their fateful meeting at the Battle of Philippi.

* 44 / 42 BC – Third Roman civil war, between the assassins of Caesar ( led by Cassius and Brutus ) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Mark Antony

* Post-Caesarian civil war ( 44 BC ), between the Senate's army ( led first by Cicero and then by Octavian ) and the army of Antony, Lepidus, and their colleagues-Truce results in union of forces.

From its inception, Rome was a republican city-state, but four famous civil conflicts destroyed the republic: Lucius Cornelius Sulla against Gaius Marius and his son ( 88 – 82 BC ), Julius Caesar against Pompey ( 49 – 45 BC ), Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus against Mark Antony and Octavian ( 43 BC ), and Mark Antony against Octavian.

Allan Octavian Hume ( 6 June 1829-31 July 1912 ) was a civil servant, political reformer and amateur ornithologist and horticulturalist in British India.

This event is unverified by other contemporary sources, but may explain why his son ( P Cornelius P f P n Lentulus Spinther ) joined Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius, and struck coins for them during their civil war against the forces of Marc Anthony and Octavian.

During the civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus against Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius, the town took the side of Cassius, since the town had been founded by Cassius Longinus, brother of Cassius.

During the civil war between Octavian and Antony, Agrippa tried to turn the lake into a military port, the Portus Julius.

In fact it was built under the direction of the Roman architect Lucius Cocceius Auctus during the civil war between Octavian and Sextus Pompeius ca. 37 BCE.

After detailing various weather-signs, Virgil ends with an enumeration of the portents associated with Caesar ’ s assassination and civil war ; only Octavian offers any hope of salvation.

During the civil wars of the 40s, Sentinum sided with Mark Antony, but in 41 BC was taken and destroyed by Salvidienus Rufus leading troops of Octavian.