Furthermore, reflecting the polarizability of divalent sulfur, the S-S bond is susceptible to scission by polar reagents, both electrophiles and especially nucleophiles:

Acid chlorides evolve hydrochloric acid gas upon contact with atmospheric moisture, are corrosive, react vigorously with water and other nucleophiles ( sometimes dangerously ); they are easily quenched by other nucleophiles besides the desired alcohol ; their most common synthesis routes involve the evolution of toxic carbon monoxide or sulfur dioxide gases ( depending on the synthesis process used ).

It is used for alkylating carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus nucleophiles.

Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine.

In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.

The yellow sphere is the redox | redox-active sulfur atom that provides antioxidant activity, while the red, blue, white, and dark grey spheres represent oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms, respectively.

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from those in the universe ( and also the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter ) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements ( hydrogen and helium ) and also volatile neon, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system.

Exhaust from a spark ignition engine consists of the following: nitrogen 70 to 75 % ( by volume ), water vapor 10 to 12 %, carbon dioxide 10 to 13. 5 %, hydrogen 0. 5 to 2 %, oxygen 0. 2 to 2 %, carbon monoxide: 0. 1 to 6 %, unburnt hydrocarbons and partial oxidation products ( e. g. aldehydes ) 0. 5 to 1 %, nitrogen monoxide 0. 01 to 0. 4 %, nitrous oxide < 100 ppm, sulfur dioxide 15 to 60 ppm, traces of other compounds such as fuel additives and lubricants, also halogen and metallic compounds, and other particles.

Common antimicrobial preservatives include calcium propionate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sulfites ( sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, etc.

The Department of Energy claims that coal, itself, might even be a fuel option in the future, assuming the system can be made resistant to impurities such as sulfur and particulates that result from converting coal into hydrogen.

One study's results showed that it produced ( in order of descending quantities ) 55. 91 % solid products: potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium sulfide, sulfur, potassium nitrate, potassium thiocyanate, carbon, ammonium carbonate and 42. 98 % gaseous products: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, 1. 11 % water.

In similar fashion, hemoglobin also has competitive binding affinity for cyanide ( CN < sup >-</ sup >), sulfur monoxide ( SO ), nitric oxide ( NO ), and sulfide ( S < sup > 2 -</ sup >), including hydrogen sulfide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > S ).

Indium ( I ) sulfide is the product of reaction between indium and sulfur or indium and hydrogen sulfide, and can be received at 700 — 1000 ° C.

In 1805, the chemist John Dalton published his first table of relative atomic weights, listing six elements, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus, and assigning hydrogen an atomic weight of 1.

There is abundant evidence of major volcanic eruptions 4 billion years ago, which would have released carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >), nitrogen ( N < sub > 2 </ sub >), hydrogen sulfide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > S ), and sulfur dioxide ( SO < sub > 2 </ sub >) into the atmosphere.

There is abundant evidence of major volcanic eruptions 4 billion years ago, which would have released carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > S ), and sulfur dioxide ( SO < sub > 2 </ sub >) into the atmosphere.

The by-products of processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide ( which may be converted into pure sulfur ), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.

These compounds may contain any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.

* Life as we know it requires the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, phosphorus and sulfur ( H, C, N, O, Fe, P, and S respectively ) to exist at sufficient densities and temperatures for the chemical reactions between them to occur.

Common antimicrobial preservatives include sorbic acid and its salts, benzoic acid and its salts, calcium propionate, sodium nitrite ( and sodium nitrate which converts to sodium nitrite " in situ "), sulfites ( sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, etc.

Early studies concluded that the stability of radon hydrate should be of the same order as that of the hydrates of chlorine () or sulfur dioxide (), and significantly higher than the stability of the hydrate of hydrogen sulfide ().

Sulfur content yields sulfur dioxide, or in case of incomplete combustion, hydrogen sulfide.

Silver reacts readily with sulfur or hydrogen sulfide to produce silver sulfide, a dark-colored compound familiar as the tarnish on silver coins and other objects.

Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.

The resulting hydrogen sulfide from this process, and also as it occurs in natural gas, is converted into elemental sulfur by the Claus process.

This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two:

The major biological source of sulfur containing compounds is dimethyl sulfide.

Silver coins or cutlery that are exposed to high sulfur foods such as eggs or the low levels of sulfur species in the air develop a layer of black Silver sulfide.

The sulfide minerals are chemical compounds of one or more metals or semimetals with a sulfur ; tellurium, arsenic, or selenium can substitute for the sulfur.

Selenium is found impurely in metal sulfide ores, where it partially replaces the sulfur.

Sulfur occurs naturally as the pure element ( native sulfur ) and as sulfide and sulfate minerals.

Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals, such as pyrite ( iron sulfide ), cinnabar ( mercury sulfide ), galena ( lead sulfide ), sphalerite ( zinc sulfide ) and stibnite ( antimony sulfide ); and the sulfates, such as gypsum ( calcium sulfate ), alunite ( potassium aluminium sulfate ), and barite ( barium sulfate ).

Cysteine is unusual since it has a sulfur atom at the second position in its side-chain, which has a larger atomic mass than the groups attached to the first carbon, which is attached to the α-carbon in the other standard amino acids, thus the ( R ) instead of ( S ).

In alchemy the chemical element of sulfur was often associated with fire and its alchemical symbol and its symbol was an upward-pointing triangle.

Another task of the Golgi involves the sulfation of certain molecules passing through its lumen via sulfotranferases that gain their sulfur molecule from a donor called PAPs.

Gluten's attainable elasticity is proportional to its content of glutenins with low molecular weights as this portion contains the preponderance of the sulfur atoms responsible for the cross-linking in the network.

Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New York City Transit to power its bus fleet.

Substances in the molten state generally have reduced viscosity with elevated temperature ; an exception to this maxim is the element sulfur, whose viscosity increases with higher temperatures in its molten state.

" The area was known for its vast sulfur springs and bubbling gas seepages that would ignite if lit.

It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium.

In comparison with its sulfur counterpart ( sulfur hexafluoride ), selenium hexafluoride ( SeF < sub > 6 </ sub >) is more reactive and is a toxic pulmonary irritant.

Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in ancient Greece, China and Egypt.

The density of sulfur is about 2 g · cm < sup >− 3 </ sup >, depending on the allotrope ; all of its stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators.

Sulfur burns with a blue flame concomitant with formation of sulfur dioxide, notable for its peculiar suffocating odor.

This reaction highlights arguably the single most distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate ( bind to itself by formation of chains ).

Lapis lazuli owes its blue color to a Trisulfur | sulfur radical.

In the 1960s the National Fertilizer Development Center began developing Sulfur-coated urea ; sulfur was used as the principle coating material because of its low cost and its value as a secondary nutrient.

In general, sulfur is very nucleophilic because of its large size, which makes it readily polarizable, and its lone pairs of electrons are readily accessible.

Composed of powdered zinc metal and powdered sulfur ( oxidizer ), ZS or " micrograin " is another pressed propellant that does not find any practical application outside of specialized amateur rocketry circles due to its poor performance ( as most ZS burns outside the combustion chamber ) and incredibly fast linear burn rates on the order of 2 m / s.

The original disulfide bond is broken, and its other sulfur atom ( green atom in Figure 1 ) is released as a new thiolate, carrying away the negative charge.