The exploits of the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, who commanded the Ottoman Navy during Suleiman's reign, led to a number of military victories over Christian navies.

In contrast, the Ottoman crews only had combat experience against the Greek revolutionary naval forces, which although gallant and effective, bore no resemblance to the navies of the Great Powers.

Faced with the spectre of the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, the British and Austrian navies intervened directly in the Levant by blockading the Nile Delta coast and forced Ali to withdraw his forces from Syria ( 1840 ).

In 1827 the combined British, French and Russian navies defeated the Ottoman Navy at the Battle of Navarino ; in the aftermath, the Ottoman Empire was forced to recognize Greece with the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832.

The Ottoman threat disappeared with the arrival of the European and American navies to conquer North Africa.

During World War I, there were a number of encounters between the Russian and Ottoman navies in the Black Sea.

By the mid-14th century, the Byzantine fleet, which once could put hundreds of warships to sea, was limited to a few dozen at best, and control of the Aegean passed definitively to the Italian and Ottoman navies.

* 1903 – Fall of the Ottoman Empire: an unsuccessful uprising led by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization against Ottoman Turkey, also known as the Ilinden – Preobrazhenie Uprising, takes place.

Bulgaria, which had secured Ottoman recognition of her independence in April 1909 and enjoyed the friendship of Russia, also looked to districts of Ottoman Thrace and Macedonia for expansion.

Romania attacked from the north and north-east, the Ottoman empire also intervened in Thrace.

After this event many Jews emigrated, in two waves ; some fled to the Muslim lands of the Ottoman Empire, but many also went to Christian Europe, first to northern Italy, then to the Netherlands, and later to England.

It was influenced by its non-Slavic neighbors in the Balkan language area ( mostly grammatically ) and later also by Turkish, which was the official language of the Ottoman Empire, in the form of the Ottoman Turkish language, mostly lexically.

Bayezid's sons, however, escaped from the battlefield, and later they would start civil war ( see also Ottoman Interregnum ).

The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and the Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and gained ( or regained ) territory.

Britain wished to deny Russia access to the " warm waters " and supported the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, although it also supported a limited expansion of Greece as a backup plan in case integrity of the Empire was no longer possible.

The Habsburgs also saw a strong Ottoman presence in the area as a counterweight to the Serbian nationalistic call to their own Serb subjects in Bosnia.

Bulgaria, which had secured Ottoman recognition of her independence in April 1909 and enjoyed the friendship of Russia, also looked to districts of Ottoman Thrace and Macedonia.

According to the E. J. Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps ( see First Balkan War, the Bulgarian theater of operations ), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war.

After the defeating of the Ottoman fleet the Greek Navy was also free to liberate the islands of the Aegean.

The famous architect Mimar Sinan designed many mosques and other grand buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of ceramics and calligraphy also flourished.

Cretans also have a tradition of keeping firearms at home, a tradition lasting from the era of resistance against the Ottoman Empire.

A series of coordinated attacks by these Egyptian Expeditionary Force infantry and mounted troops were also successful at the Battle of Mughar Ridge, during which the British infantry divisions and the Desert Mounted Corps drove two Ottoman armies back to the Jaffa — Jerusalem line.

After the capture of Constantinople ( also called the Eastern Roman Empire ) in 1453, the Ottoman sultan's also styled themselves Kaysar-i Rum ( Emperor of the Romans ) as they asserted themselves to be the heirs to the Roman empire by right of conquest.

Diplomatic relations were also established with the Ottoman Empire with the chartering of the Levant Company and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the Porte, William Harborne, in 1578.

A Catholic mission was conducted in the Ottoman days by Assumpionist Fathers ; there are also a number of Armenian and Greek Catholics, with priests of their respective rites.

The language had strong ties to Old Bulgarian and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman and Yakut ...

: See also Ottoman Rule ( 15th – 1912 )

Prince Menshikov called the attention of the Turks to the fact that during the Russo-Turkish War ( 1768 – 1774 ), the Russians had occupied the Turkish controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia on the north bank of the Danube River, but he reminded them that pursuant to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, however, the Russians had returned these " Danubian provinces " to Ottoman control in exchange for the right to protect the Christian sites in the Holy Land.

Territorial growth of Italian Libya: Territory ceded by Ottoman Empire 1912 ( dark-green ) but effectively Italy controlled only five ports ( black ), territories ceced by France and Britain 1919 and 1926 ( light-green ), territories ceced by France and Britain 1934 / 35 ( red )

The Ottoman Empire controlled Turkey and the Middle East from the 16th century onwards.

In 1804, the Serbs revolted against the Ottoman Empire that controlled the Balkans at that time.

The Province of Lebanon that would be controlled by the Maronites, but the entire area was placed under direct rule of the governor of Damascus, and carefully watched by the Ottoman Empire.

All of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire.

The first group, or Class A mandates, were territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to "... have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone.

In 1620, Fakhr-al-Din II, a Druze emir who controlled this part of Ottoman Syria rule, permitted them to build a small church at the Grotto of the Annunciation.

In addition to periods of direct rule by Egyptian governments ( including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, and the modern Egyptian republic ), it was like the rest of Egypt, also occupied and controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and the United Kingdom ( which occupied Egypt from 1882 until 1956 ).

In 1906, the Ottoman Porte formally transferred administration of Sinai to the Egyptian government, which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the United Kingdom, who had occupied and largely controlled Egypt since 1882.

Afterwards, this territory was directly or indirectly, partly or wholly controlled by: the Ottoman Empire ( as suzerain of Moldavia, with direct rule only in Budjak and Khotin ), Russian Empire, Romania, the USSR.

One important reason was the need to overcome the expensive eastern trade routes, dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa in the Mediterranean, and then controlled by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, barring European access, and going through North Africa and the historically important combined-land-sea routes via the Red Sea.

Timișoara remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 160 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region such as Budapest and Belgrade.

The island was controlled by the Ottoman Empire for many years, but it enjoyed certain privileges, mostly related to tax-free trade by the monastery as certified by Ottoman imperial documents held in the Library.

In the 14th – 17th centuries, the region was dominated by the Abkhaz, Ubykh and Adyghe tribes, the current location of the city of Sochi known as Ubykhia was part of historical Circassia, and was controlled by the native people of the local mountaineer clans of the north-west Caucasus, nominally under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, which was their principal trading partner in the Muslim world.

Many of the key fortresses on what little territory it controlled were in Ottoman hands.

Britain's crushing naval victories over France and Spain in the Napoleonic Wars had turned the Mediterranean into a British lake, closely controlled by a string of strategic bases from Gibraltar to the Ionian islands, which Britain had taken over from the French in 1815 and were the only part of Greece not under Ottoman rule.

Charles and Mazepa were allowed to escape with about 1, 500 men to Bendery, Moldavia, then controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

On June 13, 1558 it was sacked by elements of the Ottoman navy under the command of Dragut and his lieutenant Piali, as part of the struggle between the Turks and Spain, which controlled the southern half of Italy at that time.

He was educated at Galatasaray High School ( Lycée Impérial de Galatasaray ) in Constantinople, then the seat of the decaying Ottoman Empire, which controlled Albania.

The Balkan League (,,, ) was an alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Balkan states of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, which at the time still controlled much of the Balkan peninsula.

It is thought that this was a way to control and to separate two fundamental army divisions ( jannisary and sipahi ) completely from each other and alienating Turks from capital-city politics while maintaining a controlled Turkish elite of bureaucracy and nobility in Anatolia and Balkans, without the danger of creating rival Turkish dynasties to the Ottoman throne ( which was a central reason of destruction for earlier Turkish states ).

Luria died at Safed, Ottoman Empire controlled Land of Israel, July 25, 1572 ( 5 Av 5332 ).