Debates over the applicability of teleology to scientific questions came to a head in the nineteenth century, as Paley's argument about design came into conflict with radical new theories on the transmutation of species.

After doing particularly well in his final exam questions on Paleys ' books, Darwin read Paley's Natural Theology which set out to refute David Hume's argument that the teleological argument for " design " by a Creator was merely a human projection onto the forces of nature.

" He noted how " The old argument of design in nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered ", and how Paley's teleological argument had difficulties with the problem of evil.

He was convinced by Paley's Natural Theology which set out the Teleological argument that complexity of " design " in nature proved God's role as Creator, and by the views of Paley and John Herschel that creation was by laws which science could discover, not by intermittent miracles.

William Paley's " watchmaker analogy " is one of the most famous teleological arguments

Today, Paley's name evokes both reverence and revulsion and his work is cited accordingly by authors seeking to frame the history of human thought.

It is for such reasons that Paley's writings, Natural Theology included, stand as a notable body of work in the canon of Western thought.

( Milin later showed that 14 can be replaced by 1. 14., and Hayman showed that the numbers b < sub > k </ sub > have a limit less than 1 if φ is not a Koebe function, so Littlewood and Paley's conjecture is true for all but a finite number of coefficients of any function.

The smallest order that cannot be constructed by a combination of Sylvester's and Paley's methods is 92.

In the Buildings of England series, Hartwell and Pevsner express the opinion that the church is the " chef d ' oeuvre " of Paley's works.

In his book about the architectural practice of Sharpe, Paley and Austin, Brandwood expresses the opinion that the building is " Paley's masterwork as an independent church architect ".

Further works include editions with notes of Paley's Moral Philosophy ( 1852 ); Education as a Science ( 1879 ); Dissertations on leading philosophical topics ( 1903, mainly reprints of papers in Mind ); he collaborated with JS Mill and Grote in editing James Mill's Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind ( 1869 ), and assisted in editing Grote's Aristotle and Minor Works ; he also wrote a memoir prefixed to G Croom Robertson's Philosophical Remains ( 1894 ).

In order to support the canonical scientific views at the time, which explored the natural world within Paley's framework of a divine designer, The Earl of Bridgewater, a gentleman naturalist, commissioned eight Bridgewater Treatises upon his deathbed to explore " the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation.

In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial " design " by the Creator acting through natural laws.

Chapter XV of Paley's Natural Theology discusses at length what he called " relations " of parts of living things as an indication of their design.

Searing criticisms of arguments like Paley's are found in David Hume's posthumous Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.

As a theology student, Charles Darwin found Paley's arguments compelling.

Intelligent design advocate Michael Behe proposed a development of Paley's watch analogy in which he argued in favour of intelligent design.

Paley's famous, and controversial, fable of the pigeons, which has a strong criticism of the system of property ownership and of the draconian means used to defend it-the Bloody Code-is found in Book III of Principles.

Some have said this book was the most original of Paley's works.

During the remainder of Paley's life his time was divided between Bishopwearmouth and Lincoln, during which time he wrote Natural Theology, despite his increasingly debilitating illness.

Paley's Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy was one of the most influential philosophical texts in late Enlightenment Britain.

Thus, Paley's use of the watch ( and other mechanical objects like it ) continued a long and fruitful tradition of analogical reasoning that was well received by those who read Natural Theology when it was published in 1802.

Hume's examples ring true with many 21st century readers, and they appealed to some of Paley's 18th-century contemporaries as well.

Scientific norms have changed greatly since Paley's day, and are inclined to do less than justice to his arguments and ways of reasoning.

Paley's views influenced ( both positively and negatively ) theologians, philosophers and scientists, then and since.

By the 1820s and 1830s, well-known liberals like Thomas Wakley and other radical editors of The Lancet were using Paley's aging examples to attack the establishment's control over medical and scientific education in Durham, London, Oxford and Cambridge.

* Eddy, Matthew D., ' The Science and Rhetoric of Paley's Natural Theology ', Literature and Theology, 18 ( 2004 ), 1-22.

' Publishing and the classics: Paley's Natural Theology and the nineteenth-century scientific canon ', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 33 ( 2002 ), 433-55.

William Paley's Abortive Reform of Natural Theology ', Isis, 81 ( 1990 ), 214-229.

Under Paley's guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States and then one of the big three American broadcast television networks.

In the first year of Paley's watch, CBS's gross earnings more than tripled, going from $ 1, 400, 000 to $ 4, 700, 000.

Much of the increase was a result of Paley's second upgrade to the CBS business plan — improved affiliate relations.

That is why, the argument runs, the squares are so fearful of jazz and yet perversely fascinated by it.

`` The argument that is cutting most ice is that Hearst is the only candidate who is fighting the trusts fearlessly and who would use all the powers of government to disrupt them if he were elected.

My argument is that there was no Saxon Shore prior to that time even though the forts had been in existence since the time of Carausius.

What was missing in the Governor's argument, as in so many similar arguments, was a premise which would enable one to make the ethical leap from what might be militarily desirable to what is right.

Sir Robert Watson-Watt's `` rebuttal '' of Sir Charles Snow's Godkin Lectures is marred throughout by too forceful a desire to defend Lindemann and apparently himself from Sir Charles' supposed falsehoods while stating those `` falsehoods '' in an unclear incoherent argument.

The argument against this last approach is comparable to that which rejects stories about hoop snakes, about snakes that break themselves into many pieces and join up again, or even of ghosts that chase people out of graveyards ; ;

For it is clear that the total number of ordinary intersections of C and Af must be even ( otherwise, starting in the interior of C, Af could not finally return to the interior ), and the center of rotation at T is the argument of the function, not a value.

Therefore, for any value of T the number of values of f{t} is equal to the ( finite ) number of tangent points corresponding to the argument T plus an odd number.

The Mathematical Appendix presents the rigorous argument, but is best read after Part 1, in order that the assumptions underlying the equations may be explicit.

There is nonetheless considerable argument against the clause, softened though it be, on the grounds that Federal aid is so necessary to the public schools.

The first argument is thus an ideal experiment in which we use the method of difference.

I come now to a third argument, which again is very simple.

Obviously, a satisfactory answer to the third question is imperative, if the argument is to get under way at all, for if there is any possibility of doubt whether the patient's tactual sensitivity had been impaired by the occipital lesion, any findings whatsoever in regard to the first question become completely ambiguous and fail altogether, of course, as evidence to establish the desired conclusion.

If the argument is accepted as essentially sound up to this point, it remains for us to consider whether the patient's difficulties in orienting himself spatially and in locating objects in space with the sense of touch can be explained by his defective visual condition.

Yet, if the argument is turned awry, there may be found a great deal in Bryan's view, after all.

More often, though, he is so accustomed to submitting to authority on the job without argument that he lives by the same rule at home.

This is the only valid, and extenuating, argument that may be advanced in defense of the reprehensible attitude of the common wine waiter.

`` The trouble, '' explained Loy Henderson, then Deputy Undersecretary for Administration, `` is that when we get into an argument with him about this thing, it always turns out that Rooney knows more about our budget than we do ''.