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Parasitica is an artificial ( paraphyletic ) group comprising the majority of hymenopteran insects, with respective members living as parasitoids on what amounts to nearly " every other species of insect ", and many non-insects.
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Parasitica and group
The largest and best-known group comprises the so-called " Parasitica " within the Hymenopteran suborder Apocrita: the largest subgroups of these are the chalcidoid wasps ( superfamily Chalcidoidea ) and the ichneumon wasps ( superfamily Ichneumonoidea ), followed by the Proctotrupoidea and Platygastroidea.
Like other parasitic wasps, they were long placed in the " Parasitica ", variously considered as an infraorder or an unranked clade, but actually not a monophyletic group.
Parasitica and parasitoids
Outside of the Parasitica, many other Hymenopteran lineages that include parasitoids, such as most of the Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea, and the rare Symphytan family Orussidae.
Parasitica and on
The Parasitica lay their eggs inside or on another insect ( egg, larva or pupa ) and their larvae grow and develop within or on that host.
Parasitica and .
Apocrita has historically been split into two groups, " Parasitica " and Aculeata, but these are rankless groupings in present classifications, if they appear at all.
is and artificial
There is evidence to suggest, in fact, that many authors of the humorous sketches were prompted to write them -- or to make them as indelicate as they are -- by way of protesting against the artificial refinements which had come to dominate the polite letters of the South.
To most observers, there is little doubt that he placed an artificial strait jacket of unity upon the years of Anne's reign which in reality existed only in the pages of his history.
In so far as this goal is achieved, the society becomes more fluid, artificial barriers to social mobility are reduced, and people at the lower end of the social hierarchy share more fully in the material and cultural goods of society.
A woman who undergoes artificial insemination against the wishes of her husband is the unlikely heroine of `` A Question Of Adultery '', yesterday's new British import at the Apollo.
Her whole body is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face, neck, and lower body ; she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing while simultaneously dancing.
Since the evolution of the Aramaic alphabet out of the Phoenician one was a gradual process, the division of the world's alphabets into those derived from the Phoenician one directly and those derived from Phoenician via Aramaic is somewhat artificial.
Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.
If amber is heated under the right conditions, oil of amber is produced, and in past times this was combined carefully with nitric acid to create " artificial musk " – a resin with a peculiar musky odor.
Another place popular with children is the Parque Papagayo which is a large family park which has life-sized replicas of a Spanish galleon and the space shuttle Columbia, three artificial lakes, aviary, skating rink, rides, go-karts and more.
The epideictic speech in praise of love which Agathon recites in the Symposium is full of beautiful but artificial rhetorical expressions, and has led some scholars to believe he may have been a student of Gorgias.
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.
To the north of the city is a large artificial lake, called Anasagar with a marble structure known as Baradari.
Lake Foy Sagar is situated in the outskirts of the city, it is a picturesque artificial lake that was created as a famine relief project in 1892.
A more precise way to measure resistance is to place an object within an artificial, uniform stream of air where the velocity is known.
In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to solving the central artificial intelligence problem — making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI.
It is recommended that the tank mimic their natural environment, so artificial or natural rock is highly appreciated.
The Teufelsberg is in fact an artificial hill composed of a pile of rubble from the ruins of World War II.
Disraeli's writing is considered generally interesting, and his books teem with striking thoughts, shrewd maxims, and brilliant phrases which stick in the memory ; on the other hand, he is often considered artificial, extravagant, and turgid.
is and paraphyletic
With the phylogenetic classification, the taxon Labyrinthodontia has been discarded as it is a paraphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics.
The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly paraphyletic / polyphyletic.
Although they were previously considered the sister group to the remaining crustaceans, it is now widely accepted that crustaceans form a paraphyletic group, and Branchiopoda are thought to be sister to a clade comprising Xenocarida ( Remipedia and Cephalocarida ) and Hexapoda ( insects and their relatives ).
However, the tree constructed by the living tree project, a collaboration between ARB-Silva and LPSN where a 16S ( and 23S if available ) tree of all validated species was constructed, the genus Bacillus contains a very large number of nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is paraphyletic to Lactobacillales ( Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, etc.
However, it is now recognized that the Fissipedia is a paraphyletic group and that the pinnipeds were not the sister group to the fissipeds but rather had arisen from among them.
However, the family Monachinae ( the lobodonts plus Monachus and Mirounga ) is probably paraphyletic.
The change is due to studies suggesting the Myricales, so defined, are paraphyletic to the other two groups.
The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera.
Some family delimitations have changed as well, most notably, the segregation of Calophyllaceae from Clusiaceae sensu lato when it was shown that the latter is paraphyletic.
A paraphyletic group is thus ' nearly ' monophyletic ( consistent with the meaning of the prefix ' para ', namely ' near ' or ' alongside '.
) A polyphyletic group is any group other than a monophyletic group or a paraphyletic group, which like a paraphyletic group contains only some of the descendants of their closest common ancestor, but unlike a paraphyletic group is not characterized by the missing descendants forming one ( or more ) monophyletic groups.
Hence, the traditional platyhelminth subgroup " Turbellaria " is now regarded as paraphyletic, since it excludes the wholly parasitic groups, although these are descended from one group of " turbellarians ".
The traditional class Reptile | Reptilia ( green field ) is a paraphyletic group comprising all amniote s other than the mammals and birds. Paraphyly is a characteristic of some groups of organisms and families of languages.
In phylogenetics ( a subfield of biology ) and in linguistics, a group is said to be paraphyletic if it consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group's members minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendants, typically just one or two such groups.
For example, the group of reptiles, as traditionally defined, is paraphyletic: it contains the last common ancestor of the reptiles — including the extant reptiles as well as the extinct mammal-like reptiles — along with all descendants of that ancestor except for mammals and birds.
A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more of the clades is excluded to form a separate group.
A taxon that is not paraphyletic or monophyletic is polyphyletic ( Greek πολύς, " many ").
is and group
The content is not the same, however: rather than individual security, it is the security and continuing existence of an `` ideological group '' -- those in the `` free world '' -- that is basic.
Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.
The music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, William Steinberg, has molded his group into a prominent musical organization, which is his life.
With the group of boys it is different.
Nothing is more revealing of the way of life and literary aspirations of this group than their attitude toward sex.
This group is secularist and their program tends to be technological.
But the problem is one which gives us the measure of a man, rather than a group of men, whether a group of doctors, a group of party members assembled at a dinner to give their opinion, or the masses of the voters.
The group conducting the review is not holding formal hearings.
After allowing for group exposures, it is apparent that other factors must be considered if we are to comprehend fanaticism.
At Sounion there is a group of beautiful columns, the ruins of a temple to Poseidon, of particular interest at that time, as active reconstruction was in progress.
He is uncompromising in assigning guilt to the man who finds it necessary to inflict or permit injury to one individual or group for the sake of a larger good.
In the main stream of historical thinking is a group of scholars, H.M. Chadwick, R.H. Hodgkin, Sir Frank Stenton et al. who are in varying degrees sceptical of the native traditions of the conquest but who defend the catastrophic type of invasion suggested by them.
Although Patchen has given previous evidence of an interest in jazz, the musical group that he works with, the Chamber Jazz Sextet, is often ignored by jazz critics.
Patchen's musicians are outsiders in established jazz circles, and Patchen himself has remained outside the San Francisco poetry group, maintaining a self-imposed isolation, even though his conversion to poetry-and-jazz is not as extreme or as sudden as it may first appear.
Gov. Dalton's New Commerce and Industry Commission is moving to create a nine-state regional group in a collective effort to attract new industry.
Fortunately, there is a nursery school which he has been able to attend, with a group of normal children.
Perhaps Khrushchev is in a more difficult position than any since 1957, when the `` anti-party group '' nearly liquidated him.
When the fate of the individual is visited on the group, then ( the warm sweet butter dripped from her raised trembling fork and she pushed her head forward belligerently ), ah, then the true bitterness of existence could be tasted.
Mr. Claude is a specialist in torso development and he has long favored the now-famous Weider Push-Pull Super-Set technique in which one exercise of the Super-Set is a pressing or `` pushing '' movement which accents one sector of a muscle group in a specific way, followed by a `` pulling '' exercise which works the opposing sector of the same muscle group.
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