When thinking about orbitals, we are often given an orbital vision which ( even if it is not spelled out ) is heavily influenced by this Hartree – Fock approximation, which is one way to reduce the complexities of molecular orbital theory.

As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images.

* Emission theory ( vision ), the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by rays of light emitted by the eyes

Thus three major themes in 19th century mathematics were combined by Lie in creating his new theory: the idea of symmetry, as exemplified by Galois through the algebraic notion of a group ; geometric theory and the explicit solutions of differential equations of mechanics, worked out by Poisson and Jacobi ; and the new understanding of geometry that emerged in the works of Plücker, Möbius, Grassmann and others, and culminated in Riemann's revolutionary vision of the subject.

Some who hold this theory regard the Limbo of Infants as a state of maximum natural happiness, others as one of " mildest punishment " consisting at least of privation of the beatific vision and of any hope of obtaining it.

In fact, the document explicitly states that " the theory of limbo, understood as a state which includes the souls of infants who die subject to original sin and without baptism, and who, therefore, neither merit the beatific vision, nor yet are subjected to any punishment, because they are not guilty of any personal sin.

# All mathematical aspects of computer science, including complexity theory, logic of programming languages, analysis of algorithms, cryptography, computer vision, pattern recognition, information processing and modelling of intelligence.

Greek philosophy on optics broke down into two opposing theories on how vision worked, the " intro-mission theory " and the " emission theory ".

With many propagators including Democritus, Epicurus, Aristotle and their followers, this theory seems to have some contact with modern theories of what vision really is, but it remained only speculation lacking any experimental foundation.

Ptolemy, in his treatise Optics, held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays ( or flux ) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field.

Spectacle makers created improved types of lenses for the correction of vision based more on empirical knowledge gained from observing the effects of the lenses rather than using the rudimentary optical theory of the day ( theory which for the most part could not even adequately explain how spectacles worked ).

‪ File: Wheeler, John-Archibald 1963 Kopenhagen. jpg ‬‬| John Wheeler ( 1911-2008 ): revived interest in general relativity in the United States after World War II, worked with Niels Bohr to explain principles of nuclear fission, tried to achieve Einstein ’ s vision of a unified field theory, coined the terms black hole, quantum foam, wormhole, and the phrase “ it from bit ”.

In contrasting persistence of vision theory with phi phenomena, a critical part of understanding that emerges with these visual perception phenomena is that the eye is not a camera.

Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory.

He held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays ( or flux ) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field.

* Persistence of vision, a theory on how the illusion of motion in films is achieved

In recent years the theoretical vision of rational choice theory has been subject to more and more doubt by the experimental results of behavioral economics.

The RGB color model is based on the Young – Helmholtz theory of trichromatic color vision, developed by Thomas Young and Hermann Helmholtz, in the early to mid nineteenth century, and on James Clerk Maxwell's color triangle that elaborated that theory ( circa 1860 ).

Modern quantum mechanics implies that uncertainty is inescapable, and thus that Laplace's vision needs to be amended: a theory of everything must include gravitation and quantum mechanics.

Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color.

For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream " like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision ".

( This relates to the body image theory that was developed by Penfield in the form of cortical homunculus.

Preformationism, a philosophical theory of heredity, claimed that either the egg or the sperm ( exactly which was a contentious issue ) contained a complete preformed individual called a homunculus.

This was the beginning of spermists ' theory, who held the belief that the sperm was in fact a " little man " ( homunculus ) that was placed inside a woman for growth into a child.

The spermists ' theory also failed to explain why children tend to resemble their mothers as well as their fathers, though some spermists believed that the growing homunculus assimilated maternal characteristics from the womb environment in which they grew.

How a homunculus theory of mind argument might be visualised

The homunculus argument says that if there is a need for a ' little man ' to complete a theory then the theory is false or incomplete.

It indicated that organs are formed in differentiated layers from undifferentiated cells. Traditional and prevailing theory had speculated that organisms were already preformed in the seed ( theory of preformation ), that is in the human a homunculus was already sitting in the sperm.

The homunculus argument is a fallacy arising most commonly in the theory of vision.

A homunculus is a little person ( or map of the person ) inside a person, and homuncularism is the theory in psychology that there are subsystems of the mind performing different operations ; the homuncularist answer to the question as to how bad faith is possible is that one such subunit deceives the other.

His contributions to immunology includes, in 1989, the development of the theory of the immunological homunculus, a hypothetical self-image used by the immune system to govern its responses.

Hence, such an appellate court will not consider an appellant's argument if it is based on a theory that is raised for the first time in the appeal.

* Musical argument, a concept in the theory of musical form

However, more vital propositions, such as Hume's argument for the role of habit in a theory of knowledge, are retained.

The inability to comprehend any aspect of the thing other than its properties implies, this argument maintains, that one cannot conceive of a bare particular ( a substance without properties ), an implication that directly opposes substance theory.

However, the argument concludes that the conceptual challenge of bare particulars leaves a bundle of properties and nothing more as the only possible conception of an object, thus justifying bundle theory.

The use of Bayesian probabilities as the basis of Bayesian inference has been supported by several arguments, such as the Cox axioms, the Dutch book argument, arguments based on decision theory and de Finetti's theorem.

In light of the Big Bang theory, a stylized version of argument has emerged ( sometimes called the Kalam cosmological argument, the following form of which was created by Al-Gazali and then strongly supported by William Lane Craig ):

Edmund Gettier is remembered for his 1963 argument, which called into question the theory of knowledge that had been dominant among philosophers for thousands of years.

Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond publicly to Hayek's challenge ; instead of formulating an alternative theory, Sraffa elaborated on the logical inconsistencies of Hayek's argument, especially concerning the effect of inflation-induced " forced savings " on the capital sector and about the definition of a " natural " interest rate in a growing economy.

" It is a contemporary adaptation of the traditional teleological argument for the existence of God, presented by its advocates as " an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins " rather than " a religious-based idea ".

While he did not originate the term, Charles Darwin identified the argument as a possible way to falsify a prediction of the theory of evolution at the outset.

" Darwin's theory of evolution challenges the teleological argument by postulating an alternative explanation to that of an intelligent designer — namely, evolution by natural selection.

In 1973 Maynard Smith formalised a central concept in evolutionary game theory called the evolutionarily stable strategy ( ESS ), based on a verbal argument by George R. Price.

The domino theory principle may indeed explain why a chain of dominoes collapses, but an independent argument is necessary to explain why a similar principle would hold in other circumstances.

Graham White argues, partially on the basis of Sraffianism, that the policy of increased labor market flexibility, including the reduction of minimum wages, does not have an " intellectually coherent " argument in economic theory.

Emil Kauder expanded Schumpeter's argument by arguing the hypothesis that Calvinism hurt the development of capitalism by leading to the development of the labour theory of value.

He also distinguished between physical and mental recapitulation, in which the differences would become an essential argument for his theory of neuroses.

See also: cognitive architecture, information science, systems theory, and an interesting and intuitive ABC's argument based on information science and theory:

In the theory of formal languages in computability theory, a pumping lemma or pumping argument states that, for a particular language to be a member of a language class, any sufficiently long string in the language contains a section, or sections, that can be removed, or repeated any number of times, with the resulting string remaining in that language.

So, despite the interest, the flaw in EPR's argument was not discovered until 1964, when John Stewart Bell demonstrated precisely how one of their key assumptions, the principle of locality, conflicted with quantum theory.

The BCS theory was set on a firmer footing in 1958, when Bogolyubov showed that the BCS wavefunction, which had originally been derived from a variational argument, could be obtained using a canonical transformation of the electronic Hamiltonian.

Since bundle theory states that all concrete particulars are merely constructions or ' bundles ' of attributes, or qualitive properties, the substance theorist's indiscernibility argument claims that the ability to recognize numerically different concrete particulars, such as concrete objects, requires those particulars to have discernible qualitative differences in their attributes and that the metaphysical realist who is also a bundle theorist must therefore concede to the existence of ' discernible ( numerically different ) concrete particulars ', the ' identity of indiscernibles ', and a ' principle of constituent identity '.