Charles Sanders Peirce, who had read Kant closely and who also had some knowledge of Aristotle, proposed a system of merely three phenomenological categories: Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, which he repeatedly invoked in his subsequent writings.

It has been believed that this was also why Peirce used " Santiago " (" St. James " in Spanish ) as a middle name, but he appeared in print as early as 1890 as Charles Santiago Peirce.

Charles S. Peirce also contributed the first English-language publication on an optimal design for regression-models in 1876.

The US philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce praised Cantor's set theory, and, following public lectures delivered by Cantor at the first International Congress of Mathematicians, held in Zurich in 1897, Hurwitz and Hadamard also both expressed their admiration.

" Peirce also held as a matter of ontology that what he called " thirdness ", the more general facts about the world, are extra-mental realities.

It is also possible to represent logical descriptions using semantic networks such as the existential Graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce or the related Conceptual Graphs of John F. Sowa.

See p. 482 in " Excerpts from Letters to Lady Welby ", Essential Peirce v. 2 .</ ref > Signs also enter into various kinds of meaningful combinations ; Peirce covered both semantic and syntactical issues in his speculative grammar.

Although Peirce uses words like concordance and correspondence to describe one aspect of the pragmatic sign relation, he is also quite explicit in saying that definitions of truth based on mere correspondence are no more than nominal definitions, which he accords a lower status than real definitions.

* Charles Sanders Peirce ( and also see: Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography )

He also defines the term “ skepticism ” as he uses it and identifies two types of skeptic, the Apollonian, who is “ committed to clarity and rationality ” and the Dionysian, who is “ committed to passion and instinct .” William James, Bertrand Russell, and Friedrich Nietzsche exemplify the Apollonian skeptic, Carroll says, and Charles Sanders Peirce, Tertullian, Søren Kierkegaard, and Blaise Pascal are Dionysian skeptics.

Psychologism was also criticized by Charles Sanders Peirce and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination that, e. g., Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is among the most economical explanations for P. Simplification and economy are what call for the ' leap ' of abduction.

Note also that Peirce held that all deduction can be put into the form of the categorical syllogism Barbara ( AAA ).

The NOR operator is also known as Peirce's arrow — Charles Sanders Peirce introduced the symbol ↓ for it, and demonstrated that the logical NOR is completely expressible: by combining uses of the logical NOR it is possible to express any logical operation on two variables.

When preparing his own text book on Logic entitled A Critick of Arguments: How to Reason ( also known as the Grand Logic ), Peirce wrote, ' I shall suppose the reader to be acquainted with what is contained in Dr Watts ' Logick, a book ... far superior to the treatises now used in colleges, being the production of a man distinguished for good sense.

John Shook has said, " Chauncey Wright also deserves considerable credit, for as both Peirce and James recall, it was Wright who demanded a phenomenalist and fallibilist empiricism as a vital alternative to rationalistic speculation.

That let Peirce frame scientific inquiry not only as a special kind of inquiry in a broader spectrum, but also, like inquiry generally, as based on actual doubts, not mere verbal doubts ( such as hyperbolic doubt ), which he held to be fruitless, and it let him also frame it, by the same stroke, as requiring that proof rest on propositions free from actual doubt, rather than on ultimate and absolutely indubitable propositions.

He first introduced the terms idempotent and nilpotent in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also introduced the Peirce decomposition.

These ideas were developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning.

* James Mills Peirce ( 1834 – 1906 ), who also taught mathematics at Harvard and succeeded to his father's professorship,

In 1879, Peirce was appointed Lecturer in logic at the new Johns Hopkins University, which was strong in a number of areas that interested him, such as philosophy ( Royce and Dewey did their PhDs at Hopkins ), psychology ( taught by G. Stanley Hall and studied by Joseph Jastrow, who coauthored a landmark empirical study with Peirce ), and mathematics ( taught by J. J. Sylvester, who came to admire Peirce's work on mathematics and logic ).

Peirce did some scientific and engineering consulting and wrote much for meager pay, mainly encyclopedic dictionary entries, and reviews for The Nation ( with whose editor, Wendell Phillips Garrison, he became friendly ).

The one who did the most to help Peirce in these desperate times was his old friend William James, dedicating his Will to Believe ( 1897 ) to Peirce, and arranging for Peirce to be paid to give two series of lectures at or near Harvard ( 1898 and 1903 ).

The publication of the first six volumes of the Collected Papers ( 1931 – 35 ), the most important event to date in Peirce studies and one that Cohen made possible by raising the needed funds, did not prompt an outpouring of secondary studies.

The editors of those volumes, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, did not become Peirce specialists.

Frege developed a similar view ( though later ) in his great work The Foundations of Arithmetic, as did Charles Sanders Peirce ( but Peirce held that the possible and the real are not limited to the actually, individually existent ).

( But note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a single logical form covers all abduction.

Veblen did graduate work at Johns Hopkins University under Charles Sanders Peirce, the founder of the pragmatist school in philosophy ; he took his Ph. D. in 1884 at Yale University with a dissertation on " Ethical Grounds of a Doctrine of Retribution.

Pragmaticism is a term used by Charles Sanders Peirce for his pragmatic philosophy starting in 1905, in order to distance himself and it from pragmatism, the original name, which had been used in a manner he did not approve of in the " literary journals ".

But Peirce did not seize on this fact to enhance his reputation, and even coined the word " pragmaticism " to distinguish his philosophical position.

In the letter to Calderoni, Peirce did not reject all significant affiliation with fellow pragmatists, and instead said " the rest of us ".

" Swank's anonymity as an actress persuaded Peirce to cast her ; Peirce said that she did not want a " known actor " to portray Teena.

Predicate logic was primarily introduced to the mathematical community by C. S. Peirce, who coined the term second-order logic and whose notation is most similar to the modern form ( Putnam 1982 ).

Peirce and put them to good mathematical use.

He is a major figure in the history of mathematical logic ( a term he may have invented ), by virtue of summarizing and extending the work of George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, Hugh MacColl, and especially Charles Peirce.

It is notable that Skolem, like Löwenheim, wrote on mathematical logic and set theory employing the notation of his fellow pioneering model theorists Charles Sanders Peirce and Ernst Schröder, including ∏, ∑ as variable-binding quantifiers, in contrast to the notations of Peano, Principia Mathematica, and Principles of Mathematical Logic.

During his last year in high school he performed mathematical computations for Benjamin Peirce, of the Harvard College Observatory.

Both Bruno de Finetti and Frank P. Ramsey acknowledge their debts to pragmatic philosophy, particularly ( for Ramsey ) to Charles S. Peirce.

That employment exempted Peirce from having to take part in the Civil War ; it would have been very awkward for him to do so, as the Boston Brahmin Peirces sympathized with the Confederacy.

In 1885, an investigation by the Allison Commission exonerated Peirce, but led to the dismissal of Superintendent Julius Hilgard and several other Coast Survey employees for misuse of public funds.

Most important, each year from 1907 until James's death in 1910, James wrote to his friends in the Boston intelligentsia to request financial aid for Peirce ; the fund continued even after James died.

( See Charles Santiago Sanders Peirce for discussion and references ).

Besides Frege and Russell, others credited for having preceding ideas of truth-tables include Philo, Boole, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ernst Schröder.

That raised for Peirce 59, 049 classificatory questions ( 59, 049 = 3 < SUP > 10 </ SUP >, or 3 to the 10th power ).

John Dewey, less broadly than James but more broadly than Peirce, held that inquiry, whether scientific, technical, sociological, philosophical or cultural, is self-corrective over time if openly submitted for testing by a community of inquirers in order to clarify, justify, refine and / or refute proposed truths.

For the community college near Tacoma, Washington, see Pierce College, for the 4 year college in Philadelphia see Peirce College.

Peirce consistently characterized it as the kind of inference that originates a hypothesis by concluding in an explanation, though an unassured one, for some very curious or surprising ( anomalous ) observation stated in a premise.

* In 2011, MGM and Screen Gems gained rights to make a new film version with Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa's hand at the screenplay, and directed by Kimberly Peirce, known for her work on Boys Don't Cry.

Charles Sanders Peirce ( and his pragmatic maxim ) deserves most of the credit for pragmatism, along with later twentieth century contributors William James and John Dewey.

John Florian Sowa is the computer scientist who invented conceptual graphs, a graphic notation for logic and natural language, based on the structures in semantic networks and on the existential graphs of Charles S. Peirce.

The department operates a 1988 Peirce Lance Pumper known as 51-102 which acts as primary attack engine, a 1995 Marion Heavy Rescue known as 51-151, equipped with all kinds of rescue equipment for things such as confined space rescue and vehicle extrication, a 1999 Peirce Dash 2000 fire engine, which acts as primary water supply truck as it is equipped with 3, 000 feet of 5 inch hose, and known as 51-103, and a 2001 Brush Truck known as 51-141, which responds to all brush fires in and around the town and is equipped with foam.