A number of ancient cities were located here, such as Troy, Assos, Pergamon ( Bergama ), Sardis, Ephesus, Miletus, Halicarnassus ( Bodrum ), Smyrna ( İzmir ), Hierapolis ( Pamukkale ), Magnesia ( Manisa ), Philadelphia ( Alaşehir ), Didyma ( Didim ), Aphrodisias, Kaunos, Knidos, among others.

Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II ( in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon ), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaia.

After the death of Alexander the city ( now known as Akroinοn ( Ακροϊνόν ) or Nikopolis ( Νικόπολις ) in Ancient Greek ), was ruled by the Seleucids and the kings of Pergamon, then Rome and Byzantium.

* R. E. Asher ( 1994 ), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus ( AD 129 –), better known as Galen of Pergamon ( modern-day Bergama, Turkey ), was a prominent Roman ( of Greek ethnicity ) physician, surgeon and philosopher.

At that time Pergamon was a major cultural and intellectual centre, noted for its library ( Eumenes II ), second only to that in Alexandria,

( 1980 ), Threshold Level English, Oxford: Pergamon.

Refined low-relief section of a bull-hunt frieze from Nineveh, alabaster, c. 695 BC ( Pergamon Museum ), Berlin.

The Kingdom of Pergamon ( colored olive ), shown at its greatest extent in 188 BC

Parchment was developed in Pergamon, from which name it is believed the word " parchment " evolved, under the patronage of either Eumenes I, who ruled 263 – 241 BCE ; or Eumenes II, who ruled 197 – 158 ), as a substitute for papyrus, which was temporarily not being exported from Alexandria, its only source.

The two exchange complaints about their misfortunes ( 83-84 ), and Eumolpus tells how, when he pursued an affair with a boy in Pergamon while employed as his tutor, the youth got the better of him ( 85-87 ).

Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon ( reigned 159 – 138 BCE ), Ptolemy VI of Egypt ( reigned 163 – 145 BCE ), and Ptolemy's co-ruler Cleopatra II of Egypt were deteriorating, and they supported a rival claimant to the Seleucid throne: Alexander Balas, who purported to be the son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and a first cousin of Demetrius.

( ed ), Encyclopaedic dictionary of physics, Volume 6, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 370 – 371.

( ed ), Encyclopaedic dictionary of physics, Volume 7, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 436 – 440.

By 197 BC, Macedonia and many southern Greek city-states became Roman client states in 188 BC, the Seleucid Empire was forced to cede most of Asia Minor to Rome's ally Pergamon ( Pergamum ).

The Altar which was taken away from Pergamon in 1871 and carried to Germany by the German engineer Carl Humann, is exhibited at the Museum of Pergamum in Berlin, in a manner conforming to its original.

Herm of Hermes, Roman copy of a late 5th century BC original, the forefront inscription states the herm was made by Alcamenes and placed infront of the gates of Pergamon, Istanbul Archaeology Museums | Istanbul Museums.

The temple at Pergamon was eagerly sought by Romans in search of a cure.

He had two large alabaster urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and a large wax candle dressed in tin which was donated by him to the Rila monastery in Bulgaria is on display in the monastery museum.

The first bishop of Pergamon, Antipas, was martyred there in ca.

In the first century AD, the Christian Church at Pergamon inside the main building of the Red Basilica was one of the Seven Churches to which the Book of Revelation was addressed.

Parchment, however, derives its name from Pergamon, the city where it was perfected ( via the Latin pergamenum and the French parchemin ).

In the 2nd century BCE a great library was set up in Pergamon that rivalled the famous Library of Alexandria.

As prices rose for papyrus and the reed used for making it was over-harvested towards local extinction in the two nomes of the Nile delta that produced it, Pergamon adapted by increasing use of parchment.

Seated goddess, probably Persephone on her throne in the underworld, Severe style ca 480 – 60, found at Taranto | Tarentum, Magna Graecia ( Pergamon Museum, Berlin ) Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name.

Supported by Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon, he was completely successful, and ordered his father to be put to death at Nicomedia.

In another version of the myth, as depicted on the interior frieze of the Pergamon Altar, Telephus was married to the Amazon Hiera.

In 1948, Carl Blümel published it in a monograph as The Hermes of a Praxiteles, reversing his earlier ( 1927 ) opinion that it was a Roman copy, finding it not 4th century either but referring it instead to a Hellenistic sculptor, a younger Praxiteles of Pergamon.

Telesphorus is assumed to have been a Celtic god in origin, who was taken to Anatolia by the Galatians in the 3rd century BC, where he would have become associated with the Greek god of medicine, Asclepius, perhaps in Pergamon, an Asclepian cult center.

Some insight about the Hellenistic perception of and attitude to " Barbarians " can be taken from the " Dying Gaul ", a statue commissioned by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia ( the bronze original is lost, but a Roman marble copy was found in the 17th century ).

Galen of Pergamon ( AD 129 – 199 ) clarified the anatomy of the trachea and was the first to demonstrate that the larynx generates the voice.

Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that handshaking was practiced in ancient Greece as far back as the 5th century BC ; a depiction of two soldiers shaking hands can be found on part of a 5th century BC funerary stele on display in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin ( stele SK1708 ) and other funerary steles like the one of the 4th century BC which depicts Thraseas and his wife Euandria handshaking ( see images on the right ).

In 200, it was captured by a combined Roman, Pergamene and Rhodian fleet, and remained a possession of Kingdom of Pergamon until the dissolution of that kingdom in 133 BC.

Chapter VIII ( Miracula Mundi ) contains the following, the only reference by an ancient writer to the famous sculptures of the Pergamon Altar, which were discovered in 1871, excavated in 1878, and are now in Berlin:

Today, the main sites of ancient Pergamon are to the north and west of the modern city of Bergama.

Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon

File: View of ancient Pergamon. jpg

The Dying Gaul, an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost ancient Greek statue, thought to have been executed in bronze, commissioned some time between 230 BC – 220 BC by Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Galatians

The ancient Pergamon Altar | Altar of Pergamon, reconstructed at the Pergamon museum, Berlin.

The name Bergama, as well as its ancient predecessor Pergamon, are thought to be connected with the even more ancient Luwian language adjective " parrai " ( Hittite language equivalent ; " parku "), meaning " high " in the same vein as being the etymological root of a number of other ancient cities across Anatolia.

Known for its cotton, gold, and fine carpets, the city was the ancient Greek and Roman cultural center of Pergamon ; its wealth of ancient ruins continues to attract considerable tourist interest today.

The ruins of the ancient city of Pergamon lie to the north and west of the modern city ; Roman Pergamon is believed to have sustained a population of approximately 150, 000 at its height in the 1st century AD ..

Allianoi is an ancient spa settlement, with remains dating predominantly from the Roman Empire period ( 2nd century AD ) located near the city of Bergama ( ancient Pergamon ) in Turkey's İzmir Province.

The Pergamon Altar is a monumental construction built during the reign of King Eumenes II in the first half of the 2nd century BC on one of the terraces of the acropolis of the ancient city of Pergamon in Asia Minor.