Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens — after the reforms of Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC on both sides of the family, excluding the children of Athenian men and foreign women.

Under Pericles, in 450 BC, restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born from citizen parentage on both sides.

The balance of power shifted from Athens to Sparta, ending the Golden Age of Pericles that had marked Athenian dominance in the Greek ancient world.

R. J. Buck suggests that Thrasybulus, who came of age in the heady days when the democracy and empire under Pericles were at their fullest extent, never accepted that the devastating losses Athens had suffered in the Peloponnesian War made the return of those times impossible.

* In Athens, Ephialtes and Pericles finally get agreement to the ostracism of Kimon, who had become unpopular for his unsuccessful pro-Spartan policy.

* After hearing that the Spartan army had accepted bribes from Pericles, Pleistoanax, the King of Sparta, is impeached by the citizens of Sparta, but flees to exile in Arcadia.

Anaxagoras enjoyed the patronage of influential figures such as Pericles, but oligarchic elements also had political advocates and Anaxagoras was charged with impiety and expelled from Athens around 437 BC.

The battle of ideas had led to some unlikely friendships that cut across personal and class differences, such as between the socially alert Pericles and the unworldly Anaxagoras, and between the handsome aristocrat, Alcibiades, and the ugly plebeian, Socrates.

In 446 BC he agreed with Pericles on the Thirty Years ' Peace between Athens and Sparta, bringing an end to the First Peloponnesian War, which had been raging since

In previous ages they had been the heads of the Athenian state, but in the Age of Pericles they lost their influence and power, although they still presided over tribunals.

Pericles and his mistress Aspasia associated with and had not only great Athenians but also foreigners from within Greece and even outside Greece.

As a result, he found himself acting in concert with the Athenian aristocratic parties, who also had no liking for Pericles.

Aspasia had a son by Pericles, Pericles the Younger, who later became a general in the Athenian military and was executed after the Battle of Arginusae.

According to Plutarch, it was thought that Aspasia, who came from Miletus, was responsible for the Samian War, and that Pericles had decided against and attacked Samos to gratify her.

In 1660, at the start of the Restoration when the theatres had just re-opened, Thomas Betterton played the title role in a new production of Pericles at the Cockpit Theatre, the first production of any of Shakespeare's works in the new era.

They had two sons ; the elder Hippocrates was father of another Megacles ( ostracized 486 BC ) and a daughter Agariste was mother of Pericles and Ariphron ( himself the father of Hippocrates of Athens who died 424 BC ).

Among the memorable performances ( including some from before Papp had the Delacorte for his Shakespeare ) were George C. Scott's Obie-award winning Richard III in 1958 ; Colleen Dewhurst's Kate, Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra ( opposite George C. Scott's Mark Antony ), and Gertrude ; the Prince Hamlet of Stacy Keach opposite Dewhurst's Gertrude with James Earl Jones ' King Claudius, Barnard Hughes's Polonius and Sam Waterston's Laertes ; Sam Waterston's Hamlet ( opposite the Gertrude of Ruby Dee ) with the Laertes of John Lithgow and Andrea Marcovicci's Ophelia ; the Benedick and Beatrice of Sam Waterston and Kathleen Widdoes in Much Ado About Nothing with Barnard Hughes's Keystone Kops version of Dogberry ; the early work of Meryl Streep as Isabella in Measure for Measure ; Mary Beth Hurt as Randall Duk Kim's daughter in Pericles ; James Earl Jones as King Lear ( 1973 ) with Rosalind Cash and Ellen Holly as his wicked daughters ; Raul Julia as Edmund in Jones ' 1973 King Lear, as Osric to Keach's Hamlet, and as Proteus ( in a musical adaptation of Two Gentlemen of Verona which transferred to a Broadway run ).

He had several other publications that year besides Pericles, including " Letter from a Conservative ", " A Satire on Satirists " which included a criticism of Wordsworth's failure to appreciate Southey, Alabiadas the Young Man, and " Terry Hogan ", a satire on Irish priests.

Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard facade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between the archaic period 600 – 550 BC up to the Age of Pericles 450 – 430 BC.

Plutarch claims that Aristotle says that Melissus had also defeated Pericles in an earlier battle.

Cephalus, his father, was a native of Syracuse, and on the invitation of Pericles had settled at Athens.

Pericles had died four years before, in the great plague that afflicted Athens as the city was being besieged by the Spartans.

Cleon had succeeded Pericles as the dominant speaker in the assembly and increasingly he was able to manipulate the courts for political and personal ends, especially in the prosecution of public officials for mismanagement of their duties.

In 461 BC, Cimon was ostracized and was succeeded in his influence by democrats such as Ephialtes and Pericles.

State graves were built on either side of the Dipylon Gate, for the interment of prominent personages such as notable warriors and statesmen, including Pericles and Cleisthenes.

Oxfordians also claim that the fact that a number of the later plays ( such as Henry VIII, Macbeth, Timon of Athens and Pericles ) have been described as incomplete or collaborative is explained by these plays being either drafted earlier than conventionally believed, or simply revised / completed by others after Oxford's death.

Funeral orations, such as the famous speech put into the mouth of Pericles by Thucydides, also partook of the nature of panegyrics.

* 430 BC: The Plague of Athens resulted in the deaths of many thousands of Athenians, including leading citizens such as Pericles.

Some of these plays ( such as Pericles ) are believed by most scholars of Shakespeare to have been written by him ( at least in part ).

He alludes to other notable male figures, such as Themistocles, Aristides, Pericles and Thucydides, and casts doubt on whether these men produced sons as capable of virtue as themselves.

These extreme oligarchs were opposed both to the moderate oligarchs, such as Theramenes, and to the democrats, such as Pericles, Cleon, and Thrasybulus.

* 430 BCE: The Plague of Athens resulted in the deaths of many thousands of Athenians, including leading citizens such as Pericles.

Taking advantage of the internal political and personal disputes in IMRO, Katehakis and Karavangelis initially succeeded to recruit some IMRO former members and to organize guerrilla groups, that were later reinforced with people sent from Greece and thus were mainly composed of ex-officers of the Hellenic Army, volunteers brought from Crete, from the Mani area of the Peloponnese, as well as Macedonian Greeks, such as Evangelos Natsis from the village of Asprogia, Lazaros Apostolidis from Kastoria, Captain Giaglis from Ierissos, Konstantinos Kottas from the village of Roulia, Florina Prefecture ( a former adherent of the IMRO ), Michael Sionidis, Captain Ramnalis, Pantelis Papaioannou, Stefanos Papagalos from Veria, Dimitrios Dalipis from Kastoria, Pericles Drakos from Kavala, Christos Dellios, Christos Argyrakos and many more.

Some editions include several works which were not completely of Shakespeare's authorship ( collaborative writings ), such as The Two Noble Kinsmen, a collaboration with John Fletcher, as well as Pericles, Prince of Tyre and / or Edward III.

Under the guidance of Pericles, the Delian league gradually evolved into the Athenian Empire, the zenith of Athenian power and influence.

The novel enjoyed a later influence in connection with the story tradition of Apollonius of Tyre — Eustathius ' scene of the storm at sea and the heroine offered as a sacrifice being adapted in Book 8 of the Confessio Amantis of John Gower and, by way of that, forming a portion of the plot of William Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre ( particularly in Act III ).

Her relationship with Pericles and her subsequent political influence aroused many reactions.

It was from tribute paid to the league that Pericles set to building the Parthenon on the Acropolis, replacing an older temple, as well as many other non-defense related expenditures.

To further strengthen Athens ' grip on its empire, Pericles in 450 began a policy of establishing cleruchiai — quasi-colonies that remained tied to Athens and which served as garrisons to maintain control of the League's vast territory.

Furthermore, Pericles employed a number of offices to maintain Athens ' empire: proxenoi, who fostered good relations between Athens and League members ; episkopoi and archontes, who oversaw the collection of tribute ; and hellenotamiai, who received the tribute on Athens ' behalf.

The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the strategos, or general, Pericles, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet.

** Episode 40 " Pericles on 32nd Street " ( Co-Writer & Director )

A celebrated example is Pericles ' funeral oration, which heaps honour on the dead and includes a defence of democracy:

* Pericles commissions the architects Kallikrates and Iktinos to design a larger temple for the Parthenon and the construction begins on rebuilding the great temple of Athena ( the Parthenon ) on the Acropolis at Athens soon afterwards.

* 432 End of Golden Age, Athens under Pericles blockades Potidaea ( Battle of Potidaea ), Corfu declares war on Corinth ( Battle of Sybota )

Plutarch tells us that he superintended the great works of Pericles on the Acropolis.

* Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the south west corner of Italy and Leontini in south-east Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily.

* Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures ( the " Megarian decree ") imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter.

* Anaxagoras is arrested by Pericles ' political opponents on a charge of contravening the established dogmas of Athenian religion.

* Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower, looks for peace with the support of the Assembly.

* Pericles, the ruler of Athens, bestows generous wages on all Athens ' citizens who serve as jurymen on the Heliaia ( the supreme court of Athens ).

The ambitious new leader of the conservatives, Thucydides, accuses the leader of the democratic faction, Pericles, of profligacy and criticises the way Pericles is spending money on his ambitious building plans for the city.

Pericles responds by proposing to reimburse the city for all the expenses from his private property, on the condition that he would make the inscriptions of dedication in his own name.

* Pericles, concerned for Athenian trade with Greek settlements to the East, and in order to counteract a new and possibly threatening Thracian – Scythian alliance, leads Athens ' fleet to Pontus on the Black Sea and establishes friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region.

Pericles draws in part on the 14th century Confessio Amantis ( itself a frame story ) by John Gower and Shakespeare has the ghost of Gower " assume man's infirmities " to introduce his work to the contemporary audience and comment on the action of the play.