According to Xenophon, Agesilaus, in order to gain money for prosecuting the war, supported the satrap Ariobarzanes II in his revolt against Artaxerxes II in 364 BC ( Revolt of the Satraps ), and in 361 BC he went to Egypt at the head of a mercenary force to aid the king Nectanebo I and his regent Teos against Persia.

It was at Anah that the emperor Julian met the first opposition on his disastrous expedition against Persia ( 363 ), when he got possession of the place and transported the people ; and there that Ziyad and Shureih with the advanced guard of Ali's army were refused passage across the Euphrates ( 36 / 657 ) to join Ali in Mesopotamia ( Tabari i. 3261 ).

Both sought refuge in Persia, whence Abdur Rahman placed himself under Russian protection at Samarkand.

The Islamic conquest of Afghanistan ( 642 – 870 ) began in the middle of the 7th century after the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed, when Arab Muslims defeated the Sassanid Empire at the battles of Walaja, al-Qādisiyyah and Nahavand.

Needless to say, the Athenians balked at this, and resolved instead to be openly at war with Persia.

Herodotus tells us that c. 482 BC Xerxes I ( the son of Darius ) had two pontoon bridges built across the width of the Hellespont at Abydos in order that his huge army could cross from Persia into Greece.

Manichaeanism was also supported by Persia at the time, compounding religious dissent with international politics.

The most that can be said about built structures under Diocletian's reign is that he rebuilt and strengthened forts at the Upper Rhine frontier ( where he followed the works made under Probus's reign, both along the Lake Constance-Basel as well as along the Rhine – Iller – Danube line ), in Egypt, and on the frontier with Persia.

The identity of the threesome is neatly underscored by a patriotic account of their roles during Greece's great victory over Persia at the Battle of SalamisAeschylus fought there, Sophocles was just old enough to celebrate the victory in a boys ' chorus and Euripides was born on the very day of the battle.

Kallinikos ' development of Greek fire came at a critical moment in the Byzantine Empire's history: weakened by its long wars with Sassanid Persia, the Byzantines had been unable to effectively resist the onslaught of the Muslim conquests.

Alexander the Great arrived in the area of Afghanistan in 330 BC after defeating Darius III of Persia a year earlier at the Battle of Gaugamela.

Mahmud led an Afghan army into Persia in 1722 and defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad.

In as much as patients can throw themselves into the nervous sleep, and manifest all the usual phenomena of Mesmerism, through their own unaided efforts, as I have so repeatedly proved by causing them to maintain a steady fixed gaze at any point, concentrating their whole mental energies on the idea of the object looked at ; or that the same may arise by the patient looking at the point of his own finger, or as the Magi of Persia and Yogi of India have practised for the last 2, 400 years, for religious purposes, throwing themselves into their ecstatic trances by each maintaining a steady fixed gaze at the tip of his own nose ; it is obvious that there is no need for an exoteric influence to produce the phenomena of Mesmerism.

After five months of dealings at the capital, Julian left Constantinople in May and moved to Antioch, arriving in mid-July and staying there for nine months before launching his fateful campaign against Persia in March 363.

The defeat of Persia at the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC meant the liberation of Chios from Persian rule.

Originally a Cossack born in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Russian Turkestan ( now Kazakhstan ) in a family of Cossack Chorąży and his wife of kazakh origin, Kornilov entered military school in Omsk in 1885 and went on to study at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in St. Petersburg in 1889. in August 1892, he was assigned as a lieutenant to the Turkestan Military District, where he led several exploration missions in Eastern Turkestan, Afghanistan and Persia, learned several Central Asian languages, and wrote detailed reports about his observations.

Larissa was indeed the birthplace of Meno, who thus became, along with Xenophon and a few others, one of the generals leading several thousands Greeks from various places, in the ill-fated expedition of 401 ( retold in Xenophon's Anabasis ) meant to help Cyrus the Younger, son of Darius II, king of Persia, overthrow his elder brother Artaxerxes II and take over the throne of Persia ( Meno is featured in Plato's dialogue bearing his name, in which Socrates uses the example of " the way to Larissa " to help explain Meno the difference between true opinion and science ( Meno, 97a – c ) ; this " way to Larissa " might well be on the part of Socrates an attempt to call to Meno's mind a " way home ", understood as the way toward one's true and " eternal " home reached only at death, that each man is supposed to seek in his life ).

The game first played in Persia at dates given from the 5th century BC.

The prosperity of Zubarah, which is now in modern Qatar, had also brought it to the attention of the two main powers at the time, Persia and the Oman, which were presumably sympathetic to Sheikh Nasr ’ s ambitions.

Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history.

These include Mesopotamia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, parts of Central Asia, Syria, Palestine and Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean from the prehistoric period until the beginning of Islam in the 7th century.

Civilizations soon arose in Persia ( beginning with Elam ) and later in Southeast Asia ( beginning with Funan ).

The Lute developed its familiar forms as Barbat in Persia, Armenia, and Byzantium beginning in the early 7th century.

* 499 BC: Aristagoras instigates the Ionic Revolt, beginning the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia

With the encouragement of Histiaeus ( his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus ), Aristagoras, governor of Miletus, induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia.

At the beginning of the 4th century BC, Euagoras I, King of Salamis, took control of the whole island and tried to gain independence from Persia.

Lord John Russell, Palmerston and other public officials and an increasing number of the British public were beginning to see that the expansion of Russia was beginning to threaten British interests in India and British trade with Persia.

The Shahnameh provides a poetic account of the prehistory and history of Iran, beginning with the creation of the world and the introduction of the arts of civilization ( fire, cooking, metallurgy, law ) to the " Aryans " ( People living in the ancient Indian subcontinent ), and ending with the Arab conquest of Persia.

Following Alexander's conquest of Persia in 330 BCE, the Seleucids ( 312-248 BCE ) instituted the Hellenic practice of counting years from the start of an ' era ', as opposed to starting a new count at the beginning of the reign of each individual king.

At the beginning of 1668 he defeated the voivode Yakov Bezobrazov, sent against him from Astrakhan, and in the spring embarked on a predatory expedition into Daghestan and Persia which lasted for eighteen months.

Beginning of the 70 Weeks: The decree of Artaxerxes I of Persia in the 7th year of his reign ( 457 BC ) as recorded in Ezra marks beginning of 70 weeks.

The Delian League continued to campaign against Persia for the next three decades, beginning with the expulsion of the remaining Persian garrisons from Europe.

The final confrontation between the Greek world and Achaemenid Persia began just 53 years after that, with the army of Alexander the Great crossing into Asia, marking the beginning of what would result in the razing of Persepolis and the end of the Achaemenid Empire.

The invading troops led by Alexander, were outnumbered more than 2: 1, defeated the army personally led by Darius III of Achaemenid Persia. The battle was a decisive Macedonian victory and it marked the beginning of the end of Persian power.

At the beginning of the 7th century the truce between Byzantium and Persia collapsed.

This was part of a larger movement of thousands of Jews from countries as widely spaced as Persia and Morocco, Yemen and Russia, who moved to Israel beginning in the first decade of the nineteenth century – and in even larger numbers after the conquest of the region by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1832 – all drawn by the expectation of the arrival of the Messiah in the Jewish year 5600, Christian year 1840, a movement documented in Arie Morgenstern's Hastening Redemption.

The modern name is a Persian word ( دربند Darband ) meaning " closed gates ", which came into use in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century CE, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia.

His reign saw the downfall of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Persia since the beginning of the 16th century.

After the beginning of the wars with Persia, especially after 1584, Janissaries began seizing the lands of the peasants to extort money, and also to lend with high interest rates, thus causing the tax revenues of the state to drop seriously.

The sack of Mecca followed millenarian fervour among the Qarmatians ( as well as in Persia ) over the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 928 — an event which the Qarmat leader Abū Ṭāhir al-Ḏj ̲ annābī believed indicated the end of the epoch of Islam and the beginning of the final religious era.

With regards to Persia, Muslim histories further recount that at the beginning of the seventh year of migration, Muhammad appointed one of his officers, Abdullah Huzafah Sahmi Qarashi, to carry his letter to Khosrau II inviting him to convert: