193-Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, People's Republic of China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

The UNCCD has 194 country Parties: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, the Republic of Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

A " no-action " motion, presented by the Sudanese Representative to counter Belgium's request for a vote, passed with nine Committee members voting in favour ( Burundi, China, Morocco, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sudan and Venezuela ), seven voting against ( Belgium, Bulgaria, India, Israel, Turkey, Peru and United States ), with Kyrgyzstan abstaining and Mozambique and Cuba not present.

Parties: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti *, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Kiribati *, Kuwait, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic *, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ), Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The Middle kingdoms of India had already the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world, the Napata / Meroitic kingdom extended over the current Sudan and Ethiopia, the Olmecs controlled central Mexico and Guatemala, and the pre-Incan Chavín people managed large areas of northern Peru.

Richardson also visited Nicaragua, Guatemala, Cuba, Peru, India, North Korea, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Sudan to represent U. S. interests and met with Slobodan Milosevic.

His destinations included Tahiti ( 1933 ); United States, Japan, and China ( 1934 and 1937 ); Italy, Spain, Sudan ( now Mali ), Niger, Upper Volta, Togo and Dahomey ( now Benin, 1935 ); the West Indies ( 1936 ); Mexico ( 1937, 1939, and 1957 ); the Philippines and Indochina ( now Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, 1938 ); Guatemala and Ecuador ( 1939 ); Senegal ( as a conscript, 1940 ); Argentina ( 1941 ), Peru and Bolivia ( 1942 and 1946 ); and finally Brazil ( 1946 ).

Contracting members include: Albania ; Algeria ; Andorra ; Angola ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Argentina ; Armenia ; Australia ; Austria ; Azerbaijan ; Bahamas ; Bahrain ; Bangladesh ; Barbados ; Belarus ; Belgium ; Belize ; Benin ; Bhutan ; Bolivia ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Botswana ; Brazil ; Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria ; Burkina Faso ; Burundi ; Cambodia ; Cameroon ; Canada ; Central African Republic ; Chad ; Chile ; China ; Colombia ; Comoros ; Congo ; Costa Rica ; Croatia ; Cuba ; Cyprus ; Czech Republic ; Côte d ' Ivoire ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Denmark ; Djibouti ; Dominica ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; Egypt ; El Salvador ; Equatorial Guinea ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Gabon ; Gambia ; Georgia ; Germany ; Ghana ; Greece ; Grenada ; Guatemala ; Guinea ; Guinea-Bissau ; Guyana ; Haiti ; Holy See ; Honduras ; Hungary ; Iceland ; India ; Indonesia ; Iran ( Islamic Republic of ); Iraq ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Jamaica ; Japan ; Jordan ; Kazakhstan ; Kenya ; Kyrgyzstan ; Laos ; Latvia ; Lebanon ; Lesotho ; Liberia ; Libya ; Liechtenstein ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Macedonia ; Madagascar ; Malawi ; Malaysia ; Mali ; Malta ; Mauritania ; Mauritius ; Mexico ; Moldova ; Monaco ; Mongolia ; Morocco ; Mozambique ; Namibia ; Nepal ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Nicaragua ; Niger ; Nigeria ; Norway ; Oman ; Pakistan ; Panama ; Papua New Guinea ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Philippines ; Poland ; Portugal ; Qatar ; Republic of Korea ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Rwanda ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; Saint Lucia ; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ; San Marino ; Sao Tome and Principe ; Saudi Arabia ; Senegal ; Serbia ; Seychelles ; Sierra Leone ; Singapore ; Slovakia ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Spain ; Sri Lanka ; Sudan ; Suriname ; Swaziland ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Syrian Arab Republic ; Tajikistan ; Thailand ; Togo ; Tonga ; Trinidad and Tobago ; Tunisia ; Turkey ; Turkmenistan ; Uganda ; Ukraine ; United Arab Emirates ; United Kingdom ; United Republic of Tanzania ; United States of America ; Uruguay ; Uzbekistan ; Venezuela ; Vietnam ; Yemen ; Zambia ; and Zimbabwe.

These include Sweden, Hungary, Poland, Germany, Austria, Norway, Finland, United States, Switzerland, Belgium, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Iceland, France, Bolivia, Denmark, Canada, Australia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, Mongolia, Kenya, India, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Brazil, England, Zambia, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Morocco, Sudan, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Algeria, Lebanon, Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Moldavia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Romania, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Spain, Greece, Malta, Montenegro, Croatia, Turkey, Lebanon, Indonesia, Italy, Slovakia, and Serbia.

Practical Action ( previously known as the Intermediate Technology Development Group ( ITDG )) is a development charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and Nepal.

The other five in favor were Colombia, Peru, Romania, Britain and the United States ; and against were Burundi, China, Egypt, Guinea, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia and Sudan.

CNPC has 30 international exploration and production projects with operations in Azerbaijan, Canada, Iran, Indonesia, Myanmar, Oman, Peru, Sudan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela.

In December 2006, six of the company ’ s meat-packing facilities in Colorado, Nebraska, Texas, Utah, Iowa, and Minnesota were raided by U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials, resulting in the apprehension of 1, 282 illegal aliens from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Peru, Laos, Sudan, and Ethiopia, and nearly 200 of them criminally charged after a ten month investigation into identity theft.

Still existing on a `` Northern Union '' telegraph form is a typical peremptory message from Peru grocer J. J. Hapgood to Burton and Graves' store in Manchester -- `` Get and send by stage four pounds best Porterhouse or serloin stake, for Mrs. Hapgood send six sweet oranges ''.

One of the first orders that Valdivia gave was to have a ship constructed at the mouth of the Aconcagua River to send to Peru for further supplies and to serve as a courier service, but soon was obliged to return in haste to Santiago to subdue a mutiny.

In September 1543 new arms, clothes and other equipment arrived from Peru on the ship Santiaguillo ; thanks to these new supplies, Valdivia was in the position to start the rebuilding of Santiago and to send an expedition, led by Juan Bohon, to explore and populate the northern region of Chile.

Soon afterward, Ghirardelli was making enough money to send for his family, who were still living in Peru.

He assessed Peru was not ready for the war and decided to go back to Lima to prepare and send back new reinforcements.

This event ended Spain's ability to send reinforcements to America, which in turn eventually forced the royalist armies of the viceroyalties of Peru and New Spain ( today's Mexico ), which had contained the Spanish American revolution so far, to deal with the patriot forces on their own.

After several efforts, Spanish troops from Peru took advantage of the internecine strife to reconquer Chile in 1814, when they reasserted control by winning the Battle of Rancagua on October 12.

Shortly thereafter, the Junta elected to launch a military offensive against loyalist regions to the south in Peru, but the poorly trained and badly equipped troops were no match for those of the Viceroy of Peru, which finally crushed the Quiteño rebellion in December 1812.

The military of Ecuador has been involved in border disputes with Peru ( Ecuadorian – Peruvian War, Paquisha War, Cenepa War ), and has provided Military Observers and troops to the United Nations since 1948.

* July 30 – Alonso de Sotomayor petitions the viceroy of Peru for more troops to help resist attacks by Indians and English pirates.

In 1822 during the Peruvian War of Independence, troops from both the Liberating Expedition of Peru ( Expedición Libertadora del Perú ) and the United Liberating Army of Peru ( Ejército Unido Libertador del Perú ) used a standard that was identical to the modern flag of Chile, except their flag had three stars in the canton, representing the three nations united by the cause of independence: the Argentine provinces, Chile and Peru.

A small war between Colombia and Peru over the town began in September 1932 when two hundred Peruvians, followed later by military troops, occupied public buildings in Leticia.

This battle — between royalist ( Spanish ) and nationalist ( republican ) troops — sealed the independence of Peru and South America.

Just as in the Paquisha Incident of 1981, the Cenepa War was caused by what both Ecuador and Peru saw as " infiltrations of foreign troops " and " setting up of foreign outposts " in the disputed area.

Altogether, by the third week of January, both Peru and Ecuador had managed to deploy around 5, 000 troops to the immediate vicinity of the disputed area.

* January 24: Peru mobilizes troops towards Tiwinza, Ecuador engages in preparing the FAE ( Ecuadorian Air Force ), Ecuadorian fighter jets.

The earliest references to its presence in Latin America referred to Venezuela and Peru, where they were given as rations to the Spanish troops.

The term roto has been used in Peru since the times of the Spanish conquest, when Diego de Almagro's disappointed troops returned to Cuzco ( after a failed gold-seeking expedition in Chile ) with their torn clothes, due to the extensive and laborious passage on foot through the Atacama desert.

After two defeats against the Spanish royalist troops in Peru at Venta y Media and Sipe-Sipe, he was relieved from his command in 1816.

The revolution spread all over the Viceroyalty, except for Paraguay ( which declared itself an independent nation in 1811 ) and the Upper Peru ( which remained controlled by royalist troops from Lima, and was eventually re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru ).

The best troops had been dispatched to the Upper Peru and to guard the frontiers with the natives, and when Sobremonte learned of the British presence in the area he dispatched the remaining troops to Montevideo, considering that the attack would be in that city.

However, despite these claims, Peru also began to mobilize its troops to its border with Ecuador in order to match the Ecuadorian troops which had been deployed to the dispute zone.

Contributors of military personnel were: Australia ( air unit / helicopters and personnel ), Austria ( infantry ), Canada ( logistics / signals air and service units ), Finland ( troops / infantry ), Ghana ( troops / infantry ), Indonesia ( troops / infantry ), Ireland ( troops / infantry ), Nepal ( troops / infantry ), Panama ( troops / infantry ), Peru ( troops / infantry ), Poland ( logistics / engineering medical and transport unit ), Senegal ( troops / infantry ) and Sweden ( troops / infantry ).

Prieto and his adviser, Portales, feared the efforts of Bolivian general Andrés de Santa Cruz to unite with Peru against Chile.

* 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain.

In 1995, during the Cenepa War against Peru, Argentina gave to Ecuador in a controversial move, 6. 500 tons of rifles, cannons, anti-tank rockets, and ammunition.

He was a British consul by profession, famous for his reports and activities against human rights abuses in the Congo and Peru and also for his dealings with Germany before Ireland's Easter Rising in 1916.

The submarine Flach was commissioned in 1865 by the Chilean government during the war of Chile and Peru against Spain ( 1864 – 1866 ).

* In Peru, Juan Santos takes the name Atahualpa II and begins an ill-fated rebellion against the Spanish rule.

The name commemorated the restoration of peace following the insurrection of Gonzalo Pizarro and fellow conquistadors four years earlier against Blasco Núñez Vela, the first viceroy of Peru.

Some of them were allowed to return home, and a descendant of Túpac Amaru, José Gabriel Condorcanqui ( Túpac Amaru II ), was to lead an indigenous uprising in 1780 against continued Spanish presence in Peru.

Its major goals were promoting democracy outside Peru, addressing the struggle against poverty, encouraging economic development in the borderlands, reducing arms spending in the region, strengthening relations with Asia-Pacific countries, and integrating with the Andean Community of Nations.

Peru offers a branch of cinchona to Science ( from a 17th-century engraving ): Cinchona, the source of Peruvian bark, is an early remedy against malaria.

According to Amnesty International, " the widespread and systematic nature of human rights violations committed during the government of former head of state Alberto Fujimori ( 1990 – 2000 ) in Peru constitute crimes against humanity under international law.

Further land reform occurred after the 1968 coup by left-wing colonel Juan Velasco Alvarado, and again as part of a counterterrorism effort against the Shining Path during the Internal conflict in Peru roughly 1988 – 1995, led by Hernando de Soto and the Institute for Liberty and Democracy during the early years of the government of Alberto Fujimori, before the latter's auto-coup.

Narcoterrorism is a term coined by former President Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Peru in 1983 when describing terrorist-type attacks against his nation's anti-narcotics police.

Greaves won his first England cap on 17 May 1959 against Peru, scoring England's only goal in a 4-1 defeat.

Chile fought against Bolivia and Peru.

Peru and Chile signed a treaty of alliance against Spain on December 5, 1865.

It has been argued that the economic situation and the view of new wealth in nitrate was the true reason for the Chilean elite to go into war against Peru and Bolivia.

However, international law expert Edwin Montefiore Borchard argues that " much reading fails to substantiate the charge " Chile made against Peru.

He issued a manifesto, " Grito de Montan ", calling for peace and in December 1882 convened a convention of representatives of the seven northern departments, where he was elected " Regenerating President " To support Iglesias against Montero, on April 6, 1883, Patricio Lynch started a new offensive to drive the guerrillas from central Peru and destroy Caceres ' little army.

In addition, if either Mexico, Peru or Chile were to enter the war against Japan, substantial parts of these states would also be ceded to Japan.

Also the Italians carried out numerous acts of military espionage against the Peruvians and Argentines not only in Europe, but also in Peru and Argentina ".

However, afterwards San Martín returned to Argentina while Bolívar prepared to launch an offensive against the remaining royalist forces in Alto Peru.