In early times there were two northern kingdoms ( Bernicia and Deira ) and two midland ones ( Middle Anglia and Mercia ).

* Middle kingdoms of India

According to the Han Shu 21a, 973, for the moment of unification the Middle kingdoms had 6 different calendars: those of the mythological progenitors Yellow Emperor ( 黄帝曆 ) and Zhuanxu ( 顓頊曆 ); of the dynasties Xia ( 夏曆 ), Yin ( 殷曆 ), and Zhou ( 周曆 ), and of the Zhou Dynasty state of Lu ( 鲁曆 ).

With the unification of the three kingdoms in the 7th century and the foundation of the Goryeo dynasty in the Middle Ages, Koreans systemised its own native class system.

More recent scholarship has shown that other kingdoms were also politically important across this period: Hwicce, Magonsaete, Lindsey and Middle Anglia.

It became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1, 500 years.

This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East, ancient Iran, ancient Egypt, ancient Nubia, and Anatolia ( Turkey ), Ancient Nok, Carthage, the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval China, ancient and medieval India, ancient and medieval Japan, amongst others.

In addition to their promised allegiance to the other, Louis and Charles pledged their solidarity to oppose their eldest brother Lothair, ruler of Middle Francia and, nominally, emperor of all the Carolingian Empire Frankish kingdoms as well as Holy Roman Emperor.

Rheged () is described in poetic sources as one of the kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd (" Old North "), the Brythonic-speaking region of what is now northern England and southern Scotland, during the Early Middle Ages.

,, " the Recapturing ") is a centuries-long period in the Middle Ages in which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in reconquering the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic kingdoms collectively known as Al-Andalus.

By the end of 1969, the SCA's three original kingdoms had been established: West, East, and Middle.

Trade however continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, Middle East, India, China and Southeast Asia.

During these periods, Canaanites profited from their intermediary position between the ancient civilisations of the Middle East — Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia ( Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia ), the Hittites, and Minoan Crete — to become city states of merchant princes along the coast, with small kingdoms specializing in agricultural products in the interior.

On the coasts, the integration of the East Asians, Middle Easterns, East Africans ( Bantus ) and Europeans ( Portuguese ) gave birth to Antakarana Boina Menabe and Vezo ( West Coast ), Mahafaly and Antandroy ( South ), Antesaka Antambahoaka Antemoro Antanala Betsimisaraka ( East Coast ) kingdoms / tribes.

During the Middle Ages, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces.

There are sporadic attestations of very short Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions in Canaan in the late Middle and Late Bronze Age, but the script was not widely used until the rise of new Semitic kingdoms in the 13th and 12th centuries BC.

The appearance of Phoenician disintegrated many of these class divisions, although many Middle Eastern kingdoms would continue to use cuneiform for legal and liturgical matters well into the Common Era.

Originally Castilian ( castellano ) referred to the language of the Kingdom of Castile, one of several northern kingdoms that spread across the Iberian Peninsula through the Middle Ages, from about the 8th to the 15th centuries.

Smaller groups who at that time had their own royalty but were later were absorbed into larger kingdoms include the peoples of Magonsæte, Lindsey, Hwicce, the East Saxons, the South Saxons, the Isle of Wight, and the Middle Angles.

the earliest date is put around the 14th century where a copperplate inscription of Parakarama Bahu IV ( 1302-1326 ) refers to two persons who were declared exempt from certain taxes which included " gun licenses ". http :// www. island. lk / index. php? page_cat = article-details & page = article-details & code_title = 22207 many also believe that it was the Portuguese who first brought over actual muskets during their invasion of the Sri Lankan Coastline and low lands in 1505 as they regularly used short barrelled matchlocks during combat, however, P. E. P. Deraniyagala points out that the Sinhala term for gun, ‘ bondikula ’ matches the Arabic term for gun, ‘ bunduk .’ Also that certain technical aspects of the early Sinhalese matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East, thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new to the island by the time the Portuguese came, but it was only in a short matter of time that native Sri Lankan kingdoms, most notably the kingdom of Sitawaka and the Kandyan Kingdom where Sinhalese muskets with a unique bifurcated stock, longer barrel and smaller calibre, which made it more efficient in driving out the energy from the gunpowder, where manufactured by the hundreds and mastered by soldiers to the point where according to the Portuguese invader, Queyroz, they could " fire at night to put out a match " and " by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets " and " send as many on the same spot in the target.

In many Germanic and Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, a count might also be a count palatine, whose authority derived directly from the royal household, the " palace " in its original sense of the seat of power and administration.

In the Old Elamite period ( Middle Bronze Age ), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands.

By the 8th century, the territory of ancient Éile had broken up into a number of petty kingdoms: the O ' Carroll occupied the northern portion, the O ' Spillanes held Ileagh, the Eóganacht Chaisil had annexed Middle Third while the O ' Fogartys held what is now the barony of Eliogarty.

During the Middle Ages, this rite was considered so vital in some European kingdoms that it was sometimes referred to as an " eighth sacrament ".

The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.

Duval travelled across the Middle East overland via Aleppo and took a ship from Basra to Bombay, acquainting Governor-General of India Viscount Wellesley with the situation in Egypt.

During the Middle Ages, most of the remainder of Europe was Christianized, with Christians also being a sometimes large religious minority in the Middle East, North Africa, Ethiopia and parts of India.

Particularly common law is in England where it originated in the Middle Ages, and in countries that trace their legal heritage to England as former colonies of the British Empire, including India, the United States, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Canada, Malaysia, Ghana, Australia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, Singapore, Ireland, New Zealand, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Cyprus, Barbados,

More recently, although Russia and Eastern Europe remain the most important investment destinations, there have been increasing investment flows from the West through Cyprus into Asia ( particularly China and India ), South America and the Middle East.

Mail spread to North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Tibet, Korea and Japan.

From the Middle East mail was quickly adopted in Central Asia by the Sogdians and by India in the South.

Colonial warfare in Morocco, Syria, the Middle East and the North West Frontier of India provided some opportunities for mounted action against enemies lacking advanced weaponry.

In this viewpoint, the societies of India, China, and the Middle East were societies with glorious pasts but that they have become trapped in a static past ( see Orientalism ).

The disease dispersed from India to Southeast Asia, China, Japan, the Middle East, and southern Russia.

Languages in the Nigerian Middle Belt such as Janji, Gbiri-Niragu ( Kahugu ), the Nimbia dialect of Gwandara ; the Chepang_language of Nepal and the Mahl language of Minicoy Island in India are known to use duodecimal numerals.

From the 3rd century to the 17th century, India was shipping steel ingots to the Middle East for use in Damascus steel.

The original Damascus steel or wootz was imported from India to the Middle East.

The oldest known dolmen are in Western Europe, where they were set in place around 7000 years ago, at the same time as the ancient civilisations of Egypt, India, and the Middle East.

Job-related emigration created Nepalese enclaves in India, the wealthier countries of the Middle East, Europe and North America.

It has continued to maintain close ties with North America, the European Union, Japan, Australia, India, China, Russia and the Greater Middle East as well as African nations.

Gunpowder arrived in the Middle East, possibly through India, from China.

Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500, 000 and 200, 000 years ago.

Newer present-day world religions established themselves throughout Eurasia during the Middle Ages by: Christianization of the Western world ; Buddhist missions to East Asia ; the decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent ; and the spread of Islam throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa and parts of Europe and India.

The santur and santoor are found in the Middle East and India, respectively.

Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe.