Photomultiplier tubes are the most frequently used detectors in LS AAS, although solid state detectors might be preferred because of their better signal-to-noise ratio.

* Photomultiplier tubes

Photomultiplier tubes were popularized during World War II since they could be used to as high bandwidth ( up to several hundred MHz ) noise sources.

Photomultiplier technology was pursued to enable television camera tubes, such as the iconoscope and ( later ) the orthicon, to be sensitive enough to be practical.

Photomultiplier tubes typically utilize 1000 to 2000 volts to accelerate electrons within the chain of dynodes.

* Photomultiplier tubes basics and applications from Hamamatsu Photonics

simple: Photomultiplier tubes

Photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ) behind the crystal detect the fluorescent flashes ( events ) and a computer sums the counts.

* Photomultiplier tubes containing a photocathode which emits electrons when illuminated, the electrons are then amplified by a chain of dynodes.

Photomultiplier tubes are vacuum phototubes that amplify light by accelerating the photoelectrons to knock more electrons free from a series of electrodes.

Photomultiplier cosmic-ray observatories often make use of these mirrors for inexpensive large ( 1. 0 m and above ), lightweight mirror surfaces for sky-sector low and medium energy cosmic ray research.

* Photomultiplier Tubes: Basics and Applications ( Second Edition ), Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu City, Japan, ( 1999 ).

* Photomultiplier tube, an extremely sensitive light detector

Photomultiplier tube 8.

The company compiled and published an authoritative and very-widely used Photomultiplier Handbook.

* PM tube, Photomultiplier tube.

* Photomultiplier Tubes Basics and Applications from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.

The detectors consisted of 23-mm thick × 51-mm diameter CsI ( Tl ) crystals mounted via plastic light tubes to photomultipliers.

The heavy water was viewed by approximately 9, 600 photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ) mounted on a geodesic sphere at a radius of about.

Mounted on the superstructure are 11, 146 photomultiplier tubes ( PMT ) in diameter that face the ID and 1, 885 PMTs that face the OD.

The detector, named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment, was a tank in height and in width, containing 3, 048 metric tons ( 3, 000 tons ) of pure water and about 1, 000 photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ) attached to its inner surface.

In 1956, Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Q. Twiss published A test of a new type of stellar interferometer on Sirius, in which two photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ), separated by about 6 meters, were aimed at the star Sirius.

An intensity interferometer is built from two light detectors, typically either radio antenna or optical telescopes with photomultiplier tubes ( PMTs ), separated by some distance, called the baseline.

I have just asked these questions in the Pentagon, in the White House, in offices of key scientists across the country and aboard the submarines that prowl for months underwater, with neat rows of green launch tubes which contain Polaris missiles and which are affectionately known as `` Sherwood Forest ''.

The contents of the manifold for liquid phase experiments were then mixed by shaking, redistributed to the reaction tubes, frozen down, and each tube was then sealed off.

-- Although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects, the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate.

The tubes were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 min and examined macroscopically for agglutination.

The saline tubes were saved and used for the indirect Coombs test in the following manner.

They are sometimes preserved within the voids of other organisms, for instance within empty hyolith conchs, within sponges, worm tubes and under the carapaces of bivalved arthropods, presumably in order to hide from predators or strong storm currents ; or maybe whilst scavenging for food.

In the case of the tapering worm tubes Selkirkia, trilobites are always found with their heads directed towards the opening of the tube, suggesting that they reversed in ; the absence of any moulted carapaces suggests that moulting was not their primary reason for seeking shelter.

The tubes allow introduction of a small camera, surgical instruments, and gases into the cavity for direct or indirect visualization and treatment of the abdomen.

As a metal, beryllium is transparent to most wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays, making it useful for the output windows of X-ray tubes and other such apparatus.

Since the late 1930s alloy steels have been used for frame and fork tubes in higher quality machines.

These may include a tire patch kit ( which, in turn, may contain any combination of a hand pump or CO < sub > 2 </ sub > Pump, tire levers, spare tubes, self-adhesive patches, or tube-patching material, an adhesive, a piece of sandpaper or a metal grater ( for roughing the tube surface to be patched ), and sometimes even a block of French chalk.

It was soon used for all nonconducting parts of radios and other electrical devices, such as bases and sockets for light bulbs and vacuum tubes, supports for electrical components, automobile distributor caps and other insulators.

What the Soviets lacked in flexibility, they made up for in number of multiple rocket launchers, cannon and mortar tubes.

The first small-scale applications for caesium were as a " getter " in vacuum tubes and in photoelectric cells.

An early computer might use a hand-wired CPU of vacuum tubes, a magnetic drum for main memory, and a punch tape and printer for reading and writing data.

Cathodes used for field electron emission in vacuum tubes are called cold cathodes.

Most radios and television sets prior to the 1970s used filament-heated-cathode electron tubes for signal selection and processing ; to this day, a hot cathode forms the source of the electron beam ( s ) in cathode ray tubes in many television sets and computer monitors.

Of those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID ), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and / or ovaries.

This method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use.