;" Piggyback " photography

Another name for the " Head & Cab " that comes from the 1960s and 1970s is " Piggyback ".

5 / 9 / 2000: Piggyback, Piggyback

However, a highly important innovation was the so-called " Piggyback Service ", the forerunner of modern intermodal freight transport, which the Great Western introduced in 1936 by moving several hundred truck trailers on specially modified flat cars.

The Final Fantasy " Playonline " site has a secrets section for Final Fantasy IX, which requires passwords given in the official Piggyback guide to enter.

Competitors include Prima Games and Piggyback Interactive.

The first TSPS was deployed in 1969 and used the Stored Program Control-1A CPU, " Piggyback " twistor memory ( a proprietary technology developed by Bell Labs similar to core memory ) and IGFET Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor solid state memory devices similar to DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory.

* Piggyback labels are made from combining two layers of adhesive substrate.

Piggyback operation by the trainload occurred as a temporary measure between Port Augusta and Marree during gauge conversion works in the 1950s, to bypass steep gradients and washaways in the Flinders Ranges.

* Piggyback service from South Shore's Burnham Yard to St. Louis

* Andrew Ainslie Common ( 1841 – 1903 ), built his own very large reflecting telescopes and demonstrated that photography could record astronomical features invisible to the human eye.

Astrophotography is a specialized type of photography that entails recording images of astronomical objects and large areas of the night sky.

The first photograph of an astronomical object ( the Moon ) was taken in 1840, but it was not until the late 19th century that advances in technology allowed for detailed stellar photography.

In professional astronomical research, photography revolutionized the field, with long time exposures recording hundreds of thousands of new stars and nebulae that were invisible to the human eye, leading to specialized and ever larger optical telescopes that were essentially big " cameras " designed to collect light to be recorded on film.

With only a few exceptions, astronomical photography employs long exposures since both film and digital imaging devices can accumulate and sum light photons over long periods of time.

Astronomical photography is one of the earliest types of scientific photography and almost from its inception it diversified into subdisciplines that each have a specific goal including star cartography, astrometry, stellar classification, photometry, spectroscopy, polarimetry, and the discovery of astronomical objects such as asteroids, meteors, comets, variable stars, novae, and even unknown planets.

The first known attempt at astronomical photography was by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, inventor of the daguerreotype process which bears his name, who attempted in 1839 to photograph the moon.

A breakthrough in astronomical photography came in 1883, when amateur astronomer Andrew Ainslie Common used the dry plate process to record several images of the same nebula in exposures up to 60 minutes with a 36-inch ( 91 cm ) reflecting telescope that he constructed in the backyard of his home in Ealing, outside London.

Another set of photographs of the nebula in 1883 saw breakthrough in astronomical photography when amateur astronomer Andrew Ainslie Common used the dry plate process to record several images in exposures up to 60 minutes with a 36-inch ( 91 cm ) reflecting telescope that he constructed in the backyard of his home in Ealing, outside London.

However, photographic plates were still in use by some photography businesses until the 1970s, and were in wide use by the professional astronomical community as late as the 1990s.

Several important applications of astrography, including astronomical spectroscopy and astrometry require greater dimensional stability than film could provide, and continued using plates until digital imaging improved to the point of supplanting photochemical photography for these purposes.

Reade served as incumbent until 1859, establishing a school and an astronomical observatory, and performing pioneering work in the early development of photography.

* John William Draper invents astronomical photography and photographs the Moon.

A notable bearer of this type of surname is Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf ( 1863 – 1932 ), a German astronomer who introduced astronomical photography and discovered Wolf's Comet.

Discovery < nowiki >'</ nowiki > s other mission payloads included the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System ( CFES ) III, which was flying for sixth time ; two Shuttle Student Involvement Program ( SSIP ) experiments ; the American Flight Echo-cardiograph ( AFE ); two Getaway Specials ; a set of Phase Partitioning Experiments ( PPE ); an astronomical photography verification test ; various medical experiments ; and " Toys in Space ," an informal study of the behavior of simple toys in a microgravity environment, with the results being made available to school students upon the shuttle's return.

At this time in the late 19th century, astronomical observations were made without photography.

* Noted astronomical photographer David Malin describing the transition from chemical to digital photography

Lucky imaging ( also called lucky exposures ) is one form of speckle imaging used for astronomical photography.

Subfields within imaging science include: image processing, 3D computer graphics, animations, atmospheric optics, astronomical imaging, digital image restoration, digital imaging, color science, digital photography, holography, magnetic resonance imaging, medical imaging, microdensitometry, optics, photography, remote sensing, radar imaging, radiometry, silver halide, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, thermal imaging, visual perception, and various printing technologies.

Using a camera with its lens attached at the eyepiece of a optical devices such as microscopes or telescopes, creating an afocal system ( technically called afocal photography or afocal projection ) has been used for nearly 100 years and digital camera afocal photography was already being employed in the amateur astronomical community.

therefore, only with precise foreknowledge of the line frequencies is an astronomical search for the radio spectra of these molecules feasible.

It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface, and for Terrestrial Time, which is used for astronomical calculations.

A range of astronomy software is available and used by amateur astronomers, including software that generates maps of the sky, software to assist with astrophotography, observation scheduling software, and software to perform various calculations pertaining to astronomical phenomena.

There is a large number of amateur astronomical societies around the world that serve as a meeting point for those interested in amateur astronomy, whether they be people who are actively interested in observing or " armchair astronomers " who may simply be interested in the topic.

They are grouped with the outer bodies — centaurs, Neptune trojans, and trans-Neptunian objects — as minor planets, which is the term preferred in astronomical circles.

In astronomy, a given point on the celestial sphere ( that is, the apparent position of an astronomical object ) can be identified using any of several astronomical coordinate systems, where the references vary according to the particular system.

An astronomical unit ( abbreviated as AU, au, a. u., or ua ) is a unit of length equal to exactly or approximately the mean Earth – Sun distance.

However, the use of AU to refer to the astronomical unit is widespread.

The astronomical constant whose value is one astronomical unit is referred to as unit distance and is given the symbol A.

This value of the astronomical unit had to be obtained experimentally and so is was not known exactly.

The time to traverse an AU is found to be τ < sub > A </ sub > =, resulting in the astronomical unit in metres as c < sub > 0 </ sub > τ < sub > A </ sub > =.

These measured positions are then compared with those calculated by the laws of celestial mechanics: an assembly of calculated positions is often referred to as an ephemeris, in which distances are commonly calculated in astronomical units.

The comparison of the ephemeris with the measured positions leads to a value for the speed of light in astronomical units, which is AU / d ( TDB ).

As the speed of light in meters per second ( c < sub > 0 </ sub >) is fixed in the International System of Units, this measurement of the speed of light in AU / d ( c < sub > AU </ sub >) also determines the value of the astronomical unit in meters ( A ):

The best current ( 2009 ) estimate of the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) for the value of the astronomical unit in meters is A = m, based on a comparison of JPL and IAA – RAS ephemerides.

With the definitions used before 2012, the astronomical unit was dependent on the heliocentric gravitational constant, that is the product of the gravitational constant G and the solar mass M < sub >☉</ sub >.

Only the product is required to calculate planetary positions for an ephemeris, which explains why ephemerides are calculated in astronomical units and not in SI units.