Accordingly we may speak of the Platonism peculiar to Shelley's poems or the type of Stoicism present in Henley's `` Invictus '', and we may find that describing such Platonism or such Stoicism and contrasting each with other expressions of the same attitude or mode of thought is a difficult and challenging enterprise.

After all, Shelley is no `` orthodox '' or Hellenic Platonist, and even his `` romantic '' Platonism can be distinguished from that of his contemporaries.

Although I absolutely reject the Platonism of it, I have literally squealed with delight at the imperturbable perfection with which the position is laid down on page after page ''.

It is in the system of Valentinus that the name Dēmiourgos is used, which occurs nowhere in Irenaeus except in connection with the Valentinian system ; we may reasonably conclude that it was Valentinus who adopted from Platonism the use of this word.

It is noted that in a sense Cocchiarella has adopted Platonism for anti-Platonic reasons.

Some contemporary linguistic philosophers construe " Platonism " to mean the proposition that universals exist independently of particulars ( a universal is anything that can be predicated of a particular ).

Platonism is usually divided into three periods:

Platonism is considered to be, in mathematics departments the world over, the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics.

Indeed, Platonism gets much of its plausibility because mentioning redness, for example, seems to be referring to something that is apart from space and time, but which has lots of specific instances.

Some contemporary linguistic philosophers construe " Platonism " to mean the proposition that universals exist independently of particulars ( a universal is anything that can be predicated of a particular ).

Similarly, a form of modern Platonism is found in the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics.

The response reconciles Platonism with empiricism by contending that an abstract ( i. e., not concrete ) object is real and knowable by its instantiation.

It is an answer to Hobbes's famous doctrine that moral distinctions are created by the state, an answer from the standpoint of Platonism.

The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible.

Since classical times a question has remained constant in philosophical debate ( which is sometimes seen as a conflict between movements called Platonism and Aristotelianism ) concerning the role of reason in confirming truth.

Mathematical Platonism is the form of realism that suggests that mathematical entities are abstract, have no spatiotemporal or causal properties, and are eternal and unchanging.

The term Platonism is used because such a view is seen to parallel Plato's Theory of Forms and a " World of Ideas " ( Greek: Eidos ( εἶδος )) described in Plato's Allegory of the cave: the everyday world can only imperfectly approximate an unchanging, ultimate reality.

Full-blooded Platonism is a modern variation of Platonism, which is in reaction to the fact that different sets of mathematical entities can be proven to exist depending on the axioms and inference rules employed ( for instance, the law of the excluded middle, and the axiom of choice ).

Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful, not just superficial connections, because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece, who believed that the world was, quite literally, generated by numbers.

Many of the more ancient Greek philosophers he also brings into a connection with Platonism.

He is primarily known for his writings, which include the Saturnalia, a compendium of ancient Roman religious and antiquarian lore, the Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis (" Commentary on the Dream of Scipio "), which was an important source for Platonism in the Latin West during the Middle Ages, and De differentiis et societatibus graeci latinique verbi (" On the differences and similarities of the Greek and Latin verb ") which is now lost.

This modern Platonism ( sometimes rendered " platonism ," with a lower-case p, to distinguish it from the ancient schools ) has been endorsed in one way or another at one time or another by numerous philosophers ( most of whom taking a particular interest in the philosophy and foundations of logic and mathematics ), including Bernard Bolzano, Gottlob Frege, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, W. V.

The English art historian David Davies asserts that the philosophies of Platonism and ancient Neo-Platonism, the works of Plotinus and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the texts of the Church fathers and the liturgy offer the keys to the understanding of El Greco's style.

Philosophical realism was the dominant philosophical school of Anselm's day, and stemmed from Platonism.

In the 3rd century BC, Arcesilaus adopted skepticism, which became a central tenet of the school until 90 BC when Antiochus added Stoic elements, rejected skepticism, and began a period known as Middle Platonism.

The university maintained an active philosophical tradition of Platonism and Aristotelianism, with the former being the longest unbroken Platonic school, running for close to two millennia until the 15th century.

The novelty of Dummett's approach consisted in seeing these disputes as analogous to the dispute between intuitionism and Platonism in the philosophy of mathematics.

Although apart from the practice of magic, this was not a revival of pagan cultic practice, the Renaissance was a " rebirth " of the philosophy of pagan antiquity especially Platonism ( or Neo-Platonism, Plotinism ), but also Epicureanism, re-introduced by Baroque philosopher Pierre Gassendi, described as a " new paganism " in the history of philosophy.

Augustine, who had imported into the west many of the doctrines that would define scholastic philosophy, was an incredibly important source of Bonaventure's Platonism.

Pletho drew up plans in his Nómoi to radically change the structure and philosophy of the Byzantine Empire in line with his interpretation of Platonism.

* Sophia ( wisdom ), a central term in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, Gnosticism, Orthodox Christianity, Esoteric Christianity, and Christian mysticism

Hellenistic philosophy was succeeded by continued developments in Platonism and Epicureanism, with Neoplatonism in due course influencing the theology of the Church Fathers.

He finally went to live in Ferrara, a center of Platonism in Italy, where he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the University of Ferrara by Duke Alfonso II.

Marcionism shows the influence of Hellenistic philosophy on Christianity, and presents a moral critique of the Old Testament from the standpoint of Platonism.

Among the very diverse movements of Hellenistic philosophy in which theological reflection could be found were Skepticism, Cynicism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Middle Platonism, and Neoplatonism.

It was no different for the period considered here: the old was mixed with and changed by the new, but while no claims can be made for a revolutionary new starting point in philosophy, in many ways the synthesis of Christianity, Aristotelianism, and Platonism offered by Thomas Aquinas was torn apart in order to make way for a new one, based on more complete and varied sources, often in the original, and certainly attuned to new social and religious realities and a much broader public.

Themistius was instructed by his father in philosophy, and devoted himself chiefly to Aristotle, though he also studied Pythagoreanism and Platonism.

Plato's influence on Western culture was so profound that several different concepts are linked by being called " platonic " or Platonist, for accepting some assumptions of Platonism, but which do not imply acceptance of that philosophy as a whole.

* Platonism, the philosophy of Plato ( Classical period )

* Middle Platonism, a later philosophy derived from that of Plato ( 1st century BC to 3rd century AD )

Analytic philosophy, Protestantism, Christian Democracy, Communism, Conservatism, Constructionism, Deconstructionism, Empiricism, Epicureanism, Existentialism, Fascism, Humanism, Idealism, Internationalism, Liberalism, Logical positivism, Marxism, Materialism, Monarchism, Nationalism, Perspectivism, Platonism, Positivism, Postmodernism, Rationalism, Relativism, Republicanism, Romanticism, Scepticism, Scholasticism, Social Democracy, Socialism, Stoicism, Structuralism, Thomism, Utilitarianism, Spenglerism.

Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the major schools of philosophy: Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, and Epicureanism.

Sophia ( Σοφíα, Greek for " wisdom ") is a central idea in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, Gnosticism, Orthodox Christianity, Esoteric Christianity, as well as Christian mysticism.

Middle Platonism is the modern name given to a stage in the development of Plato's philosophy, lasting from about 90 BC, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected the scepticism of the New Academy, until the development of Neoplatonism under Plotinus in the 3rd century.

Middle Platonism was promoted by the necessity of considering the main theories of the post-Platonic schools of philosophy, such as the Aristotelian logic and the Stoic psychology and ethics ( theory of goods and emotions ).

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it.

The eclectic nature of Platonism during this time is shown by its incorporation into Pythagoreanism ( Numenius of Apamea ) and into Jewish philosophy ( Philo of Alexandria ).