Critics, such as political economist Karl Polanyi, question whether a spontaneously ordered market can exist, completely free of " distortions " of political policy ; claiming that even the ostensibly freest markets require a state to exercise coercive power in some areas-to enforce contracts, to govern the formation of labor unions, to spell out the rights and obligations of corporations, to shape who has standing to bring legal actions, to define what constitutes an unacceptable conflict of interest, etc.

The reductionistic attempt to reduce higher level realities into lower level realities generates what Polanyi describes as a moral inversion, in which the higher is rejected in favour of the lower.

Economic anthropologists such as Marshall Sahlins, Karl Polanyi, Marcel Mauss or Maurice Godelier have demonstrated that in traditional societies, choices people make regarding production and exchange of goods follow patterns of reciprocity which differ sharply from what the homo economicus model postulates.

Economic anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and George Dalton challenged standard neoclassical economics to take account of cultural and social factors, and employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study.

* Brohm, R. Bringing Polanyi onto the theatre stage: a study on Polanyi applied to Knowledge Management, in: Proceedings of the ISMICK Conference, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 57 – 69.

In the early 1950s Polanyi received a large grant from the Ford Foundation to study the economic systems of ancient empires.

In October 1999 the Michael Polanyi Center was founded in the science faculty of Baylor University, a Baptist college, to study intelligent design.

The Michael Polanyi Center ( MPC ) at Baylor University was the first center at a research university exclusively dedicated to intelligent design study.

When the Hungarian Soviet Republic was overthrown, Polanyi emigrated to Karlsruhe, and was invited by Fritz Haber to join the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Faserstoffchemie in Berlin.

The republic was short-lived, however, and when Béla Kun toppled the Karolyi government to create the Hungarian Soviet Republic Polanyi left for Vienna.

Nonaka's view may be contrasted with Polanyi's original view of ' tacit knowing ', Polanyi believed that while such declarative knowledge may be needed for the acquisition of skills, the argument goes, it no longer becomes necessary for the practice of those skills once the novice becomes an expert in exercising them, and indeed it does seem to be the case that, as Polanyi argued, when we acquire a skill, we acquire a corresponding understanding that defies articulation

In effect, Polanyi argues that once the free market attempts to separate itself from the fabric of society, social protectionism is society ’ s natural response ; this he calls the ‘ double movement ’.

In Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle, he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance cannot substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride, and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded.

On 4 August Orwell gave a talk at the Adelphi Summer School held at Langham, entitled An Outsider Sees the Distressed Areas ; others who spoke at the School included John Strachey, Max Plowman, Karl Polanyi and Reinhold Niebuhr.

Aesthetic Criteria: Gombrich and the Philosophies of Science of Popper and Polanyi.

Michael Polanyi, FRS ( 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976 ) was a Hungarian polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy.

Polanyi, born Polányi Mihály () in Budapest, was the fifth child of Mihály and Cecília Pollacsek, secular Jews from Ungvár ( then in Hungary but now in the Ukraine ) and Vilnius in Lithuania, respectively.

Cecília Polanyi established a salon that was well known amongst Budapest's intellectuals and which continued until her death in 1939.

His older brother was Karl Polanyi, the political economist.

In October 1918, Mihály Károlyi established the Hungarian Democratic Republic, and Polanyi became Secretary to the Minister of Health.

In 1923 Polanyi converted to Christianity, and in a Roman Catholic ceremony married Magda Elizabeth Kemeny.

Their other son, George Polanyi, became a well-known British economist.

His experience of runaway inflation and high unemployment in Weimar Germany led Polanyi to become interested in economics.

In 1944 Polanyi was elected a member of the Royal Society, and on his retirement from the University of Manchester in 1958 he was elected a Senior Research Fellow at Merton College, Oxford.

In 1934, Polanyi, at about the same time as G. I. Taylor and Egon Orowan, realised that the plastic deformation of ductile materials could be explained in terms of the theory of dislocations which had been developed by Vito Volterra in 1905.

In 1936, as a consequence of an invitation to give lectures for the Ministry of Heavy Industry in the USSR, Polanyi met Bukharin, who told him that in socialist societies all scientific research is directed to accord with the needs of the latest Five Year Plan.

Demands in Britain, for example by the Marxist John Desmond Bernal, for centrally planned scientific research led Polanyi to defend the claim that science requires free debate.

In a series of articles, re-published in The Contempt of Freedom ( 1940 ) and The Logic of Liberty ( 1951 ), Polanyi claimed that co-operation amongst scientists is analogous to the way in which agents co-ordinate themselves within a free market.

Polanyi ( unlike Hayek ) claims there are higher and lower forms of spontaneous order.

Polanyi extends this into a general claim about free societies.

According to Polanyi a free society which aspires to be value neutral undermines its own justification.

`` Everything tasted differently from what it does on land and those things I was most fond of at home, I loathed the most here '', Ann noted.

Indeed, as already noted, the Court proceeded on the assumption that the executives involved in the dealings between Du Pont and General Motors acted `` honorably and fairly '' and exercised their business judgment only to serve what they deemed the best interests of their own companies.

He called the Cuban tractor plan an outright blackmail action, and noted that in war `` you can't buy yourself out and that's what we're trying to do ''.

But what significance attaches to `` professional '', beyond the narrow sense of skillfulness in meeting a client's stated needs as already noted??

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

" The grand old days of pranking have gone away at Caltech, and that's what we are trying to bring back ," reported the Boston Globe, which noted that " security has orders not to intervene in a prank unless officers get Mannion's approval beforehand.

However, it should be noted that is a somewhat spurious argument, in that speed of light limitations applies to all information, not to what can or can not be subsequently done with the information.

As noted above, this terminology is not universal: Some authors use countable to mean what is here called " countably infinite ," and to not include finite sets.

In what follows the dates are as given in the Chronicle, although as noted above, these are earlier than now thought accurate.

Uston rated almost one half of the Channel F games as " high in interest " and called that " an impressive proportion " and further noted that " Some of the Channel F cartridges are timeless ; no matter what technological developments occur, they will continue to be of interest.

The Inquirer noted that the continued low return on investment and small margins of HP's personal computer manufacturing business, now named the Personal Systems Group, " continues to be what it was in the individual companies, not much more than a job creation scheme for its employees ".

The continental, or realist, tradition focused on humans within human-made environments, and included the so-called " city symphony " films such as Walter Ruttmann's Berlin, Symphony of a City ( of which Grierson noted in an article that Berlin represented what a documentary should not be ), Alberto Cavalcanti's Rien que les heures, and Dziga Vertov's Man with the Movie Camera.

After an expert examined autopsy photos and noted what he thought might be the imprint of a belt buckle on Byers ' corpse, the elder Byers revealed to the police that he had spanked his stepson shortly before the boy disappeared.

Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, " Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago.

She recalls " being here and then not here " and having no identity of herself ; it should be noted that it is claimed she also suffered from what was formerly called " Multiple Personality Disorder ".

Historian Patrick O ' Farrell noted in The Irish in Australia ( 1987 ) that the term " Australia first " became " what amounted to the Australian Irish Catholic slogan ".

Later in 1787 Hutton noted what is now known as the Hutton Unconformity at Inchbonny, Jedburgh, in layers of sedimentary rock.

In 2001, his book Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism led to Dupuis being investigated by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, a department of the Roman Curia, which noted ambiguities regarding agreement between what he called a " Christian theology of religious pluralism " and the teaching of the Second Vatican Council and the popes of the council and later.

Whitington noted that " Hele believes that had what followed occurred in Melbourne the crowd would have leapt the fence and belaboured the English captain, Larwood, and possibly the entire side ".

Mao later noted that Chen's adoption of Marxism " deeply impressed me at what was probably a critical period in my life.

Saint-Simon noted " Ninon made friends among the great in every walk of life, had wit and intelligence enough to keep them, and, what is more, to keep them friendly with one another.

Some astute observers noted that he would allow only what was in the written confession and refuse to go any further.

Then you ’ d better watch what you say .” He noted that Ann Coulter and Bill O ' Reilly called the remarks in question " treasonous ".

Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the " quibbles " of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, " A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller!