After a short pause at midday, Teuton units were able to push the Poles back ; however, they found themselves under very heavy fire from crossbows of the Polish infantry, which caused huge losses and withdrawal.

In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia summoned the Teutonic Knights for assistance ; by 1230 they had secured Chełmno ( Culm ) and begun claiming conquered territories for themselves under the authority of the Holy Roman Empire, although these claims were rejected by the Poles, whose ambition had been to conquer Prussia all along.

In 1871 – 1878 Bismarck launched the " Kulturkampf " in Prussia to reduce the power of the Catholic Church in public affairs, and keep the Poles under control.

It was Ribbentrop's fear that if German-Polish talks did take place, there was the danger that the Poles might back down and agree to the German demands as the Czechoslovaks had done in 1938 under Anglo-French pressure, and thereby deprive the Germans of their excuse for aggression.

As a result, even many Poles of the region voted for Germany out of fear that if the area was allocated to Poland it would fall under Soviet rule.

According to the Rybno administration most active Poles during that region included Jóżwiakowscy, Wojnowscy, Grzeszczowscy families working under the guidance of politician Leon Wojnowski who protested German attempts to remain Działdowo a part of Germany after the war ; other local pro-Polish activists were Alfred Wellenger, Paczyński, Tadeusz Bogdański, Jóźwiakowski.

At the same time while Pan-Slavism worked against Austro-Hungary with South Slavs, Poles enjoyed a wide autonomy within the state and assumed a loyalist position as they were able to develop their national culture and preserve Polish language, something under threat in both German and Russian Empires.

In 1919, after World War I, the eastern part ( with a majority of ethnic Poles ) came under Polish rule as the Silesian Voivodeship, while the mostly German-speaking western part remained part of the German Reich as the Province of Upper Silesia.

After that victory, Wends were under increasing pressure from Germans, Danes and Poles.

* September 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Amor Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.

Władysław supported his brother Švitrigaila as grand duke of Lithuania, but when Švitrigaila, with the support of the Teutonic Order and dissatisfied Rus ' nobles, rebelled against Polish overlordship in Lithuania, the Poles, under the leadership of Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Kraków, occupied Podolia, which Władysław had awarded to Lithuania in 1411, and Volhynia.

During World War II, he gave lectures at the underground university in Warsaw, since higher education for Poles was forbidden under German occupation.

The composers of these operas are not known: they may have been Poles working under Marco Scacchi in the royal chapel, or they may have been among the Italians imported by Władysław.

In 1941, the German leadership decided that in ten to 20 years, the Polish territories under German occupation were to be cleared entirely of ethnic Poles and resettled by German-speaking colonists from Bukovina, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.

Two years later, when Churchill and Stalin formed an alliance against Hitler, the Kresy Poles were released from the Gulags in Siberia, formed the Anders Army and marched to Persia to create the II Corps ( Poland ) under British high command.

" Michael Schudrich, the Chief Rabbi of Poland, said the use of the Nazi swastika by vandals was anti-Polish as well as anti-Semitic, and that " Non-Jewish Poles also suffered horribly under the Nazis ... the vast majority of Poles are appalled by what ’ s just happened.

The town of Marienburg under Mayor Bartholomäus Blume and others resisted the Poles for three further years.

The battle resulted in the victory of the French and Poles under Marshal Lannes against the Spanish under General Castaños.

The Poles dropped under fire at 17: 00 and sustained casualties but assembled in good order.

Behind the Hungarians, closer to the Black Sea and the lake, was the Wagenburg, defended by 300 or 600 Czech and Ruthenian mercenaries under hetman Ceyka, along with Poles, Lithuanians and Wallachians.

While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency ( BSSR at that time ), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost.

A combined force of Poles, Czechs and Germans under the command of the Polish duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by the Pope, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Europe.

While his main objective was to give historical legitimisation to germanising of Poles that found themselves under Prussian rule, the praise of a mythical genocide conducted by German ancestors against other national groups would eventually become a means of legitimising claims to further eastern territories.

Aleksander Wielopolski, the conservative leader of the Kingdom's government, in order to cripple the manpower potential of the Reds, arranged for a partial selective conscription of young Poles for the Russian army, which hastened the outbreak of the hostilities.

# Poles living in Lithuania ( particularly in the Vilnius region ), in Belarus ( particularly the northwest ), and in the northeast of Poland continue to speak the Eastern Borderlands dialect which sounds " slushed " ( in Polish described as zaciąganie z ruska, ' speaking with a Russian drawl '), and is easily distinguishable.

Although early Pan-Slavism had found interest among some Poles, it soon lost its appeal as the movement became dominated by Russia, and while Russian Pan-Slavists spoke of liberation of other Slavs through Russian actions, parts of Poland had been ruled by the Russian Empire since the Partitions of Poland.

In 1612 the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

Upon expulsion of Poles from Moscow in 1612, the Assembly of the Land offered the Russian crown to several Rurik and Gedimin princes, but all of them declined the honour of it.

* 1514 – Battle of Orsha – in one of the biggest battles of the century, Lithuanians and Poles defeat the Russian army.

* September 8 – Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, the Belarusians and Poles defeat the Russian army.

Repnin also demanded religious freedom for the Protestant and Orthodox Christians, and the resulting reaction among some of Poland's Roman Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar from 1768 – 1772, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory.

According to the agreements of the Yalta Conference, Lviv was integrated into the Ukrainian SSR, most of the Poles living in Lviv were transferred into Polish Recovered Territories and the city became the main centre of the western part of Soviet Ukraine, inhabited predominantly by Ukrainians with significant Russian minority.

* Kingdom of Poland ( 1916 – 1918 ) – The Central Powers ' forces occupied Russian Congress Poland in 1915 and in 1916 the German Empire and Austria-Hungary created a Polish Monarchy in order to exploit the occupied territories in an easier way and mobilize the Poles against the Russians ( see Polish Legions ).

During 1863 – 1864 it was a real shadow government supported by majority of Poles, who even paid taxes for it, and was a significant problem for Russian secret police ( Okhrana ).

The Russian population in Kazakhstan was 454, 402, or 10. 95 % of total population ; there were 79, 573 Ukrainians ( 1. 91 %); 55, 984 Tatars ( 1. 34 %); 55, 815 Uyghurs ( 1. 34 %); 29, 564 Uzbeks ( 0. 7 %); 11, 911 Mordovans ( 0. 28 %); 4, 888 Dungan ( 0. 11 %); 2, 883 Turkmen ; 2, 613 Germans ; 2, 528 Bashkir ; 1, 651 Jews ; and 1, 254 Poles.

Its capture would have had a major propaganda effect for the Russian Bolsheviks, who expected the fall of the Polish capital not only to undermine the morale of the Poles, but to spark an international series of communist uprisings and clear the way for the Red Army to join the German Revolution.

Set in 1612, it tells the story of the Russian peasant and patriotic hero Ivan Susanin who sacrifices his life for the Tsar by leading astray a group of marauding Poles who were hunting him.

The official reason for the policy was that during the Russian Tsar's rule, Poles were denied education in Polish, and the schools were badly funded.

An estimate for 1815 gives 11 million Poles, out of which 5m were under Russian control ( 4 million in Congress Poland and 1 million in the territories incorporated into the Russian Empire ), 3. 5m in the Prussian partition territories and 3m in the Austrian partition territories.

The Poles claimed a successful defense of their state, while the Soviets claimed a repulse of the Polish eastward invasion of Ukraine and Belarus, which they viewed as a part of the foreign intervention in the Russian Civil War.

Contemporary Russian historians also include the war losses of Poles and Jews from this region with Soviet war dead.