At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles.

On 12 September 1942,, carrying some 80 civilians, 268 British Army soldiers, about 1, 800 Italian prisoners of war, and 160 Polish soldiers ( on guard ), was struck and sunk by a torpedo from Kriegsmarine submarine off the coast of west Africa.

Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs.

During the two years following the annexation, the Soviets arrested approximately 100, 000 Polish citizens and deported between 350, 000 and 1, 500, 000, of whom between 250, 000 and 1, 000, 000 died, mostly civilians.

* November 4 – Russian General Alexander Suvorov stormed Warsaw in the war against the Polish uprising and captured Praga, one of its suburbs, killing many civilians.

In the later part of the war, when Soviet partisans started attacking Polish partisans, sympathizers and civilians, all non-communist Polish formations were ( to an increasing extent ) becoming involved in actions against the Soviets.

The AK also defended Polish civilians against atrocities committed by non-German military organizations, such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the Lituanian Schutzmannschaft battalions and Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force.

The special case of Pomerania, where terror against civilians was particularly intense, and where, unlike in rest of occupied Poland, signing of the list was mandatory for many people, was recognized by the Polish Underground State and other anti-Nazi resistance movements, which tried to explain the situation to other Poles in underground publications.

The Wehrmacht investigation included the interrogation of captive Polish soldiers, ethnic Germans from Bydgoszcz and surrounding villages, and Polish civilians.

In an act of retaliation for the killings on Bloody Sunday, a number of Polish civilians were executed by German military units of the Einsatzgruppen, Waffen SS, and Wehrmacht.

By September 8, between 200 to 400 Polish civilians had been killed.

An even bigger debate in the scholarship concerns the question whether — as the Polish historiography suggests — there were indeed any members of a German fifth column in the city who opened fire on the Polish troops ( and if so, whether they were composed of members of the Bydgoszcz German minority or not ), or whether — as critics among the German historiography argue — Polish troops ( or panicking civilians ) overreacted in the confusion and targeted innocent German civilians.

According to Nasarski, after police forces retreated from Bydgoszcz, agitated Polish civilians accused many Germans of assaulting Polish soldiers and executed them and any Poles who stood up in their defence.

von Frentz claims that Polish troops and civilians massacred German civilians due to confusion.

Polish historians, such as Madajczyk, Jastrzębski, Karol Marian Pospieszalski, Ryszard Wojan, and others claim that the killings were triggered when the ethnic Germans, dressed up as civilians, opened fire on the Polish troops.

With the start of the German war against Poland in 1939, the German minority in the parts of Masuria attached to Poland after World War I, organised in paramilitary formation called Selbstschutz begun to engage in massacres of local Polish population ; Poles were imprisoned, tortured and murdered while Masurians were sometimes forcefully placed on Volksliste

Jerzy Lanc, a teacher and Polish national who had moved to Masuria in 1931 to establish a Polish school in Piassutten ( Piasutno ), died in his home of carbon monoxide poisoning, most likely murdered by local German nationalists.

Poles and Jews were considered by Nazis to be " untermenschen ", subject to slavery and extermination, and Nazi authorities murdered Polish activists in Masuria, those who weren't killed were arrested and sent to concentration camps,

The Polish chronicles clearly stated that he died of natural causes ; the information that he was murdered by a sword-bearer ( Miecznik ), given by the chronicles of Gottfried of Viterbo, refers to Bezprym.

* The assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a German-born Polish Jew triggers the Kristallnacht ( The Night of Broken Glass ) held between the 9 to 10 November 1938 and carried out by the Hitler Youth, the Gestapo and the SS during which the Jewish population living in Nazi Germany and Austria were attacked – 91 Jews were murdered and 25, 000 to 30, 000 were arrested and placed in concentration camps.

* Adam Obrubański 1892-1940 ; reporter, manager of the Polish National Team, murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn Massacre

Hochhuth's next play, Soldiers, Necrology on Geneva ( 1967 ), alleged that Winston Churchill was responsible for the death of the Polish Prime Minister, General Władysław Sikorski, in an airplane crash in 1943, contradicting the official version of events as an accident, and claiming that General Sikorski had been murdered on Churchill's orders.

Polish irregulars, mainly Silesian uprising veterans and Scouts, put up resistance to the regular German forces for three days, most of them were murdered in mass executions.

The German theatre was re-opened by the Nazis in 1943, while the last director of the Polish theatre in the city in the years 1922-24 was murdered by them

Other victims of German atrocities included 23 Polish children murdered between December 1944 and February 1945, and 24 people ( 23 men and one woman ) murdered by the SS on 7 March 1945, just before the Red Army took over the city without any serious resistance on 8 March 1945.

A Polish church remained functional until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association ( Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników ) was established by Kazimierz Lisowski in 1898, it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by Gestapo.

Kazimierz Lisowski who created the Polish craftsmen association in Zielona Góra, murdered by German police in 1935

The purpose of the visit was to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre, in which some 22, 000 Polish POWs were murdered by the NKVD.

IPN ’ s forensic examiner, based on a similar exhumation at Katyn where Stalin ’ s aides had murdered 22, 000 Polish prisoners-of-war in 1940, estimated that the burial site in Jedwabne contained between 300 and 400 victims.

* Bronisław Bohatyrewicz ( 1870 – 1940 ), Polish and Russian General, murdered in the Katyn Massacre

* Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński ( 1890 – 1939 ), Polish general, commanding officer in the Battle of Grodno ( 1939 ), murdered nearby

Wenceslaus III, however, wanted to claim his hereditary right to the Polish throne, but was murdered under mysterious circumstances in Olomouc, Moravia, on 4 August 1306 while on a campaign to that end.

In June 1942, Ignacy Schwarzbart, one of two Jewish representatives on the Polish National Council of the Polish Government-in-exile, held a press conference with WJC officials in London, where it was stated that an estimated one million Jews had already been murdered by the Germans.

Hitler told the Polish Ambassador Józef Lipski on May 22, 1935 that Schleicher was " rightfully murdered, if only because he had sought to maintain the Rapallo Treaty ".

The actions, orchestrated and conducted in most part by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army ( UPA ) together with other Ukrainian groups and local Ukrainian peasants in three voivodeships, resulted in between 35, 000 and 60, 000 Polish civilians being murdered in the former Wołyń Voivodeship alone.

The issue was acute because the exiled Polish Government in London, supported in the main by Britain, was still competing with the new Lublin Government formed behind the Red Army.

* 1969 – Followers led by Charles Manson murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate ( wife of Roman Polanski ), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven Parent.

The reciprocal influence between the French school and Polish historiography was particularly evident in studies on the Middle Ages and the early modern era studied by Braudel.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

* 1943 – World War II: The discovery of a mass grave of Polish prisoners of war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyń Forest Massacre is announced, causing a diplomatic rift between the Polish government in exile in London from the Soviet Union, which denies responsibility.

* Atmosphere ( Atmosphere album ), the debut album by Polish rock band, Atmosphere

Auschwitz concentration camp ( ) was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka (= " birch forest "), referred originally to a small Polish village that was destroyed by the Germans to make way for the camp.

The homage was described by the Polish chronicler Jan Kochanowski in his work Proporzec (" Standard ").

During the 1573 Polish election, Albert Frederick attempted to gain acceptance to the Polish senate but was opposed by the powerful Jan Zamoyski ( later Grand Hetman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ) who feared the influence of Protestants in the Polish legislative body.

One of these was Polish Philosopher Alfred Korzybski's General semantics, which was espoused in the US by Stuart Chase.

Russian is the most widely used language by Belarusians on the Internet, followed by Belarusian, English, and Polish.

He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed the Polish, ( because it was said to have been inspired by a Polish constitution ), written by Francisco Campos.

Auxiliary forces sent by duke Eric II of Pomerania, ally of the Polish king, did not enter the battle.

The Polish forces consisted of the mercenaries hired by the Polish king, Casimir IV the Jagiellon and the Hanseatic city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ).