Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with very useful modifications, it became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century

The same word in adjectival form ( purgatorius-a-um, cleansing ), which appears also in non-religious writing, was already used by Christians such as Augustine of Hippo and Pope Gregory I to refer to an after-death cleansing.

From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac ( later, Pope Sylvester II ) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe.

Though God commanded instruments to be used in Temple worship, and the daily life of Israel, the first recorded example of a musical instrument in Roman Catholic worship was an organ introduced by Pope Vitalian into a cathedral in Rome around 670.

Pope Leo XIII ( Constitutio Universae Eccles., 29 December 1878 ) ordained that they should be written henceforth in ordinary Latin characters upon ordinary parchment, and that no abbreviations should be used except those easily understood.

The arrangement of the Psalms in the Rule of St. Benedict had a profound impact upon the breviaries used by secular and monastic clergy alike, up until 1911 when Pope St. Pius X introduced his reform of the Roman Breviary.

Later, the term was widely used in canon law for an important determination, especially a decree issued by the Pope, now referred to as an apostolic constitution.

Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope.

Some of Pope Gregory the Great ’ s letters survive that relate to the mission of St. Augustine to Kent in 597 ; these letters provide information about the mission specifically, but also can be used to draw conclusions about the state of Kent and its relationships with its neighbours.

The two line poetic form as a closed couplet was also used by William Blake in his poem Auguries of Innocence and also by Byron ( Don Juan ( Byron ) XIII ); John Gay ( Fables ); Alexander Pope ( An Essay on Man ).

The doctrine of papal infallibility was not new and had been used by Pope Pius in defining as dogma, in 1854, the Immaculate Conception of Mary, the mother of Jesus.

It was the official papal chalice for many popes, and has been used by many others, most recently by Pope Benedict XVI, on July 9, 2006.

Under Pope Pius V, the Pope who in 1570 established the Tridentine Mass, included the feast ( but without the adjective " Immaculate ") in the Tridentine Calendar, but suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast, directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary ( with the word " Nativity " replaced by " Conception ") be used instead.

Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that Pope Pius IX ordered to be used on the feast and that is still in use.

It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term " conception " in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX.

Meanwhile, in Italy, the Pope had used Frederick's excommunication as an excuse to invade his Italian territories ; the papal armies were led by Frederick's former father-in-law John of Brienne.

Singer Alice Cooper remembers their drinking club, The Hollywood Vampires, commenting that Moon (" the Puck of Rock ' n ' Roll ") used to enter dressed up as the Pope, one of many costumes he wore to elicit humour from others.

However, in August 1512 the Medici, helped by Pope Julius II, used Spanish troops to defeat the Florentines at Prato.

This device is also used by later authors of literary epics, such as Virgil in the Aeneid, Luís de Camões in Os Lusíadas and Alexander Pope in The Rape of the Lock.

The earliest recorded use of the title " pope " in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to Pope Vitalian in an Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

From the 6th century the title began to be used particularly of the Bishop of Rome, and in the late 11th century Pope Gregory VII issued a declaration that has been widely interpreted as stating this by then established Western convention.

A traditionalist Catholic belief claims the existence of a Papal Oath sworn, at their coronation, by all popes from Pope Agatho to Pope Paul VI, but which since the abolition of the coronation ceremony is no longer used.

The best-known title, that of " Pope ", does not appear in the official list, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures.

Bishops are encouraged to look at model saints like Boniface, and Pope Pius X. Priests were encouraged to be living examples of the love of Christ and his sacrifice.

Detail from a mosaic in the church Santa Maria in Trastevere, rebuilt by Innocent, 1140 – 43: the Pope, holding a model of the church in his arms, stands at the far left, beside Sts.

According to SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS, Karl Wolff, it was also based on the model from the Society of Jesus of absolute obedience to the Pope.

His model was later used to create the calendar of Pope Gregory XIII.

The Hierophant or Pope card, when upright, commonly suggests to seek guidance, to follow positive advice endorsed to the querant, to do the right thing, to have faith, to keep on the right side of God, to be a positive role model, to be disciplined in your approach to matters and to clear off negative karma.

The Lutrin, a mock heroic poem, of which four cantos appeared in 1674, is sometimes said to have furnished Alexander Pope with a model for the Rape of the Lock, but the English poem is superior in richness of imagination and subtlety of invention.

One particular model, made by Pope Manufacturing Company in 1886, weighs 36 lb, has a 60-spoke 53-inch front wheel and a 20-spoke 18-inch rear wheel.

A third model, also made by Pope Manufacturing Company, weighs 49 lb and has forged steel forks.

Although in later European commentary on China it has continued to be claimed that Confucianism is a " philosophy " and not a " religion " — because it does not conform to the model of western religions — Pope Clement XI made the assessment that the Confucian rituals were indeed in conflict with Christian teaching.

Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina ’ s music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generation of Catholic composers of sacred music.

Dudley won the " Best Original Musical or Comedy Score " Oscar for her music ; The Gathering ( 2002 ) a Anthony Horowitz thriller directed by Brian Gilbert and starring Christina Ricci ; The Grotesque ( 1997 ) released in the US as Gentlemen Don't Eat Poets a British film starring Alan Bates, Theresa Russell and Sting ; Hollow Reed ( 1996 ) a drama directed by Angela Pope and set in Bath ; Knight Moves ( 1992 ) American thriller directed by Carl Schenkel and starring Christopher Lambert ; Lucky Break ( 2001 ) a British feelgood comedy starring James Nesbitt and based around a prison escape ; The Miracle Maker ( 2000 ) an animated feature film made for TV by BBC Wales with Russian model makers ; Monkeybone ( 2001 ) an American film combining live-action and stop-motion animation starring Brendan Fraser and Bridget Fonda ; Perfect Creature ( 2007 ) a New Zealand made horror / thriller film starring Leo Gregory ; Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) a comedy-drama film directed by Mike Newell based around air traffic controllers in New York ; The Pope Must Die ( 1991 ) a comedy film starring Robbie Coltrane the score was co-written with Jeff Beck ; Silence Like Glass ( Zwei Frauen ) ( 1989 ) German made but set in a cancer ward at a hospital in America ; Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) a Ridley Scott romantic drama based on the medieval romantic legend of Tristan and Iseult and starring James Franco and Sophia Myles ; The Walker ( 2007 ) a drama written and directed by Paul Schrader set in Washington, D. C .; Her TV music includes scores for all episodes of Jeeves and Wooster with Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie ; Lynda La Plante's Above Suspicion ; Kavanagh QC with John Thaw and The Tenth Kingdom an American epic fantasy TV miniseries written by Simon Moore.

A Playmobil street scene, featuring a custom model of the Pope.

The persecution began after Pope Urban VIII permitted Galileo to write about the Copernican model.

The architect Domenico Fontana designed the chapel, which contains the tombs of Sixtus V himself and of his early patron Pope Pius V. The main altar in the chapel has four gilded bronze angels by Sebastiano Torregiani, holding up the ciborium, which is a model of the chapel itself.

Of special importance was the University of Baeza established in 1538 by a papal bull of Pope Paul III Its first rector was Saint John of Ávila and became a model for seminaries and for the schools of the Jesuits.

On 3 October 1874 Pope Pius IX proclaimed him Venerable ; on 8 January 1905, Pope Pius X declared him Blessed and proposed him as a model to the parochial clergy ; in 1925 Pope Pius XI canonized him, and assigned 8 August as his feast day.

Guibert's work was recommended by Pope Alexander as a model to all preachers.

* VD Pope, ML Gallani, PR Rowntree, RA Stratton, 2000, The impact of new physical parametrizations in the Hadley Centre climate model: HadAM3, Climate Dynamics vol.

" After consulting the Pope, I wrote a letter to the bishop, congratulating him as a model of a father who does not turn in his children ," he said.

Pope Paul VI's document in turn became the model used for the Testament of Pope John Paul II.