This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Boniface by one.

These Frankish Popes were military leaders according to Saint Boniface known to " shed the blood of Christians like that of the pagans.

" During the sixth century an tradition had evolved where Popes would informally nominate their successors, but Felix went even further and issued a praeceptum formally nominating Boniface, and on his sickbed gave his pallium to him, on the condition that should Felix recover Boniface would return it.

There have been nine Popes named Boniface.

It was around this time when a long series of busts of past Popes was made for the Duomo of Siena, which included one of the female Pope, named as " Johannes VIII, Foemina de Anglia " and included between Leo IV and Benedict III.

Popes Benedict VIII, John XIX, Benedict IX, and antipope Benedict X of the House of Tusculani were also Marozia's descendants.

Whatever the Constantinople relic was, it did fall into the hands of the Turks, and in 1492, under circumstances minutely described in Pastor's History of the Popes, the Sultan Bayezid II sent it to Pope Innocent VIII to encourage the pope to continue to keep his brother and rival Zizim ( Cem Sultan ) prisoner.

Later Popes altered the Roman Breviary of Pope Pius V. Pope Clement VIII made changes that he made obligatory on 10 May 1602, 34 years after Pius V's revision.

Michele Mercati ( 8 April 1541 – 25 June 1593 ) was a physician who was superintendent of the Vatican Botanical Garden under Popes Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, and Clement VIII.

Antipope Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, made the profession drawn up by the Council of Basel ; but as none of the recognized Popes ever made it, there is no justification for calling it a papal oath, still less for referring to it as " the Papal Oath ".

As well as Popes such as Clement VII, Leo XI and Urban VIII who played the game in the Vatican.

In the Vatican, even Popes, such as Clement VII, Leo XI and Urban VIII were known to play.

Popes have at times followed on devotions initiated by previous popes, for instance in the 16th century, Pope Clement VIII started the venerative practice of crowning Marian images, a practice that was followed by pope Pius XII in the 20th century via the crowning of the Salus Populi Romani icon, as he declared the Queenship of Mary.

From Gregory, the powerful Count of Tusculum, father of Popes Benedict VIII and John XIX, Nilus obtained the site, which had been a Roman villa, where among the ruins there remained a low edifice of opus quadratum that had been a sepulchral monument but had been converted to a Christian oratory in the fourth century.

Although he did not get to receive major orders, he was named canon of Santiago in 1617, which was worth the importunations to him of town hall, since he never attended its position ; but he did on the contrary to conclaves who chose the Popes Pope Gregory XV ( 1621 ) and Urban VIII ( 1623 ).

The Western portion of the Empire, under the influence of the Popes in Rome leaned towards Catholicism and against Arianism, and through their intercession they convinced Constantine to free Athanasius, allowing him to return to Alexandria.

Honorius was also greatly influenced by the Popes of Rome, who sought to extend their influence through his youth and weak character.

The existence of a second Pope John XIV was widely accepted in the 13th century, hence the numbering of Popes John XV through XIX was regarded as being erroneous.

Popes Benedict XI through XVI are, from an official point of view, the 10th through 15th popes by that name.

Popes Benedict XI-XVI are, from an official point of view, the tenth through fifteenth popes by that name.

* Brusher, Joseph S. Popes through the Ages.

He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight Popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243 – 54 ), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254 – 61 ), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261 – 64 ), and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276 – 77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277, largely through family influence.

Under the Carolingians, he received bad press, being called a rex falsus, false king, despite the fact that it was Pepin through Popes Zachary and Stephen II who raised him to his throne.

* Liber Pontificalis, a biography of the Popes from Saint Peter through the fifteenth century

Popes supported the individual and joint devotions to the hearts through the centuries.

Sweyn sought to consolidate his power through links to the church as well as foreign powers, and actively sought the friendship of the Popes.

2012 ), available at: < http :// www. rmojs. unina. it / index. php / rm / article / view / 354 >; Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri, Popes through the Looking Glass, or « Ceci n ’ est pas un pape », Reti Medievali Rivista, 13 / 1 ( Apr.

On the similarities between the ' reform ' and philo-imperial parties and related problems of interpretation see: Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri, Popes through the Looking Glass, or « Ceci n ’ est pas un pape », Reti Medievali Rivista, 13 ( Apr.

Popes supported the individual and joint devotions to the hearts through the centuries.

In 1046, he accompanied King Henry III on his campaign to Italy and in December, participated in the Council of Sutri, which deposed former Popes Benedict IX and Sylvester III and persuaded Pope Gregory VI to resign.

Somewhat unusually for Popes of the era, Clement IX did not have his name displayed on monuments he built.

On 11 June, he confirmed the Minor Observantines in the Holy Land in the privileges and indulgences granted to those who visit the holy places, according to the decree of Popes Alexander VII and Clement IX.

After about a year in Cluny, Hildebrand returned to Rome in January 1049 with the new Pope Leo IX ( Bruno of Toul ), successor of Popes Clement II and Damasus II.

His father was Count Trasimund of Segni and was a member of a famous house, Conti, which produced nine Popes, including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII.

Pope Stephen IX, who was unable to take actual possession of Rome due to the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Benedict X, sent Hildebrand of Sovana and Anselm of Lucca ( respectively, the future Popes Gregory VII and Alexander II ) to Germany to obtain recognition from Agnes.

Frederick II, King of Germany and Sicily, had involved himself broadly in the Fifth Crusade, sending troops from Germany, but he failed to accompany the army directly, despite the encouragement of the Popes Honorius III and later Gregory IX, as he needed to consolidate his position in Germany and Italy before embarking on a crusade.

It is clear, from renumberings of Popes John XV – XIX and Popes Stephen II – IX, that as of the 11th century the Popes did not yet use established ordinals.

Both Popes XVI and Pius IX certainly scoff at the so-called " liberty of conscience ," but there is no scoffing of any Pope, in formal documents addressed to the faithful at large, at that most serious doctrine, the right and the duty of following that Divine Authority, the voice of conscience, on which in truth the Church herself is built.

Finding that it was advisable to cement the ties between the empire and the papacy, John IX gave unhesitating support to Lambert in preference to Arnulf during the Synod of Rome, and also induced the council to determine that henceforth the consecration of the Popes should take place only in the presence of the imperial legates.

They attacked Popes Gregory IX and Nicholas III, who had favoured a moderate interpretation of the rule, and Pope Innocent III, who had disapproved of the teaching of Joachim of Fiore, as heretics.

* 1276 – Four different men are pope over the course of the year, as Popes Gregory X, Innocent V, and Adrian V all die in quick succession.

The frescoes that are painted on the interiors of the Palace of the Popes and the churches of Avignon were created primarily by artists from Siena.

This started a second line of Avignon Popes, though these are now regarded as illegitimate.

But the Papistes are opposite and contrarie in very many substantiall pointes of religion, and cannot but wishe the Popes authoritie and popish religion to be established.

The decisions of fourteen later councils that Catholics hold as dogmatic and two decrees promulgated by Popes ' exercising papal infallibility ( see Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary ) are considered as being a part of the Church's sacred body of doctrine.

Next, Mary ever Virgin, Saint Joseph, the Apostles, and some Popes and other Martyrs are mentioned by name, as well as a generic " and all your Saints ", in communion with whom prayer is offered.

This catacomb's most ancient parts are the crypt of Lucina, the region of the Popes and the region of Saint Cecilia, where some of the most sacred memories of the place are preserved ( including the crypt of the Popes, the crypt of Saint Cecilia, and the crypt of the Sacraments ); the other regions are named the region of Saint Gaius and the region of Saint Eusebius ( end of the 3rd century ), West region ( built in the first half of the 4th century ) and the Liberian region ( second half of the 4th century ), all showing grandiose underground architecture.

A modern staircase, on the site of an ancient one, was built by Pope Damasus I, giving access to the region of the Popes, in which is to be found the crypt of the popes, where nine pontiffs and, perhaps, eight representatives of the ecclesiastical hierarchy had been buried-along its walls are the original Greek inscriptions for the pontiffs Pontian, Anterus, Fabian, Lucius I and Eutychian.

In addition, in the late 1990s, several presumed destroyed major works, including Popes from the early 1950s and Heads from the 1960s, surfaced on the art market, some of which are considered equal to any of his " official " output.

Popes during this period whose tombs are unknown and who may have been buried in the Lateran basilica include: Pope John XVII ( 1003 ), Pope John XVIII ( 1003 – 1009 ), and Pope Alexander II ( 1061 – 1073 ).

Sedevacantists are those who believe the Pope or previous Popes have fallen into heresy and therefore the Pope and those bishops in union with him have forfeited their authority.

According to the repeated statements of Popes and lay Catholic leaders, the laity should say " we are the Church ," in the same way that the saints said that " Christ lives in me.

London Irish artist Brian Whelan paints Shane, his works are featured on Shane's official website, and is also the illustrater of The Popes " Outlaw Heaven " cd ( see above ).

” John X, however, the man whose sins are known only by report, whose great qualities are conspicuous in history, stands forth amid the darkness of the time as one of the most memorable figures among the Popes.

Two modern and well-known examples of those who have been declared venerable are Popes Pius XII and John Paul II, who were both declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI in December 2009.

Bawden believes that the five Popes since the death of Pope Pius XII October 8 1958, including Pope Benedict XVI, are modernists, heretics, and apostates, and that, therefore, their elections are invalid.