This argument can be seen as directly related to Wittgenstein's Theory of Language, drawing a parallel between Postmodernism and late Logical Positivism that is united in critique of foundationalism.

Postmodernism is essentially a centralized movement that named itself, based on socio-political theory, although the term is now used in a wider sense to refer to activities from the 20th century onwards which exhibit awareness of and reinterpret the modern.

Postmodernism goes beyond modernism's emphasis on the creative role of the poet, to emphasize the role of the reader of a text ( Hermeneutics ), and to highlight the complex cultural web within which a poem is read.

Postmodernism is largely a reaction to scientific or objective efforts to explain reality.

Postmodernism is therefore skeptical of explanations that claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person.

Postmodernism is generally considered to have been conceived during the early twentieth century.

The term " Postmodernism " is often used to refer to different, sometimes contradictory concepts.

Notwithstanding, Post-structuralism in much American academic literature in the Humanities is very strongly associated with the broader and more nebulous movement of Postmodernism.

Postmodernism in architecture is marked by the re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban architecture, historical reference in decorative forms, and non-orthogonal angles.

Postmodernism is a rejection of ' totality ', of the notion that planning could be ' comprehensive ', widely applied regardless of context, and rational.

In this sense, Postmodernism is a rejection of its predecessor: Modernism.

However, the transition from Modernism to Postmodernism is often said to have happened at 3: 32pm on the 15th of July in 1972, when Pruitt Igoe ; a housing development for low-income people in St. Louis, which had been a prize winning version of le Corbusier's ' machine for modern living ' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn down ( Irving 1993, 480 ).

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

* Postmodernism is the new black: How the shape of modern retailing was both predicted and influenced by some unlikely seers (< CITE > The Economist </ CITE > 19 December 2006 )

Postmodernism in music is not a distinct musical style, but rather refers to music of the postmodern era.

This period is known as the Postmodern era ; though there's no widely agreed upon central definition of Postmodernism, many themes and techniques commonly identified as Postmodern are nearly identical to Surrealism.

Noting this important conceptual shift, major contemporary theorists such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism ( 1987 ), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History ( 1995 ), have suggested that this is a sign our culture has entered a new post-modern age, when the former modernist ways of thinking and behaving have been rendered redundant.

What is Postmodernism?

The Postmodernism Generator is a computer program that is designed to produce similarly incomprehensible text.

In Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism ( 1991 ), the Marxist theorist Fredric Jameson linked the reification of information and knowledge to the post-modern distinction between authentic knowledge ( experience ) and counterfeit knowledge ( vicarious experience ), which usually is acquired through the mass communications media.

Postmodernism introduced elements of commercialism, kitsch and a general camp aesthetic within its artistic context ; postmodernism takes styles from past periods, such as Gothicism, the Renaissance and the Baroque, and mixes them in a fashion which ignores their original use in their corresponding artistic movement.

These developments — re-evaluation of the entire Western value system ( love, marriage, popular culture, shift from industrial to service economy ) that took place since the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968 — are described with the term Postmodernity, Influences on postmodern thought, Paul Lützeler ( St. Louis ) as opposed to Postmodernism, a term referring to an opinion or movement.

Postmodernism has also be used interchangeably with the term post-structuralism out of which postmodernism grew, a proper understanding of postmodernism or doing justice to the postmodernist thought demands an understanding of the poststructuralist movement and the ideas of its advocates.

Though the usage of the term as a kind of shorthand to designate the work of certain Post-war " schools " employing relatively specific material and generic techniques has become conventional since the mid-1980s, the theoretical underpinnings of Postmodernism as an epochal or epistemic division are still very much in controversy.

' Postmodernism ' is, however, a term often used by Russian critics to describe contemporary Russian art and literature.

In the past the term has been used as a synonym for Postmodernism.

In spring of 1997, the postmodern philosopher Fred Newman responded to the Sokal Affair publishing hoax in the paper " Science Can Do Better than Sokal: A Commentary on the So-Called Science Wars ", which he presented at the Postmodernism and the Social Sciences conference at the New School for Social Research ; Alan Sokal was a participant.

Postmodernism describes movements which both arise from, and react against or reject, trends in modernism.

Modernism eventually generated reactions, most notably Postmodernism which sought to preserve pre-modern elements, while Neomodernism emerged as a reaction to Postmodernism.

Postmodernism in art, which has grown since the 1960s, differs from Modernism in as much as Modern art movements were primarily focused on their own activities and values, while Postmodernism uses the whole range of previous movements as a reference point.

Postmodernism ... can be used at least in two ways – firstly, to give a label to the period after 1968 ( which would then encompass all forms of fiction, both innovative and traditional ), and secondly, to describe the highly experimental literature produced by writers beginning with Lawrence Durrell and John Fowles in the 1960s and reaching to the breathless works of Martin Amis and the " Chemical ( Scottish ) Generation " of the fin-de-siècle.

While in the tradition of Postmodernism in that they presume a decisive role for media in the formation of personality, culture and social order, they differ fundamentally from the analog critical theory, in that the audience has the ability to do more than create a personal idiolectic text, but instead is able to create new texts which reinforce the behavior of other participants.

According to Hutcheon, in " A Poetics of Postmodernism ", works of historiographic metafiction are " those well-known and popular novels which are both intensely self-reflexive and yet paradoxically also lay claim to historical events and personages ".

While at the ICA she edited the Documents series, which included the books Postmodernism and Ideas from France.

After that, Postmodernism was applied to a whole host of movements, many in art, music, and literature, that reacted against tendencies in the imperialist phase of capitalism called " modernism ," and are typically marked by revival of historical elements and techniques.

Postmodernism postulates that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs and are therefore subject to change.

Postmodernism has influenced many disciplines, including religion, literary criticism, sociology, ethics and morality, linguistics, architecture, history, politics, international relations, anthropology, visual arts, and music.

For convenient access to many of Ritzer ’ s substantive contributions to modern and postmodern social theorizing, see Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization ( 2001 ) as well as more recent work often co-authored with his many students, such as ( with J. Michael Ryan ) “ Postmodern Social Theory and Sociology: On Symbolic Exchange with a ‘ Dead ’ Theory ,” in Reconstructing Postmodernism: Critical Debates ( 2007 ).

Patrick White's art collecting efforts are to this day generally unadmired but he was a collector of modernist art and an early collector of the sort of art that later came to be known as Postmodernism, including art by James Clifford, Imants Tillers, Frank Littler, Robert Boynes, Patricia Moylan, John Davis ( 1936 – 1999 ), and Tony Coleing.

Conversely, not all buildings exhibiting an exposed concrete exterior can be considered Brutalist, and may belong to one of a range of architectural styles including Constructivism, International Style, Expressionism, Postmodernism, and Deconstructivism.

Mark Lipovestky is the author of five books and more than seventy articles including: Russian Postmodernist Fiction: Dialogue with Chaos ( 1999 ) and Russian Postmodernism: The Essays of Historic Poetics ( 1997 ).

* Sardar has also contributed a number of books to the Introducing ... series published by Icon Books, including Introducing Islam, Introducing Chaos, Introducing Cultural Studies, Introducing Media Studies, Introducing Science Studies, Introducing Mathematics and Introducing Postmodernism.