Laelianus represented a strong danger to Postumus because of the two legions he commanded ( Primigenia in Mainz and VIII Augusta in Strasbourg ); Despite this, his rebellion lasted only about two months before he was executed, reputedly by his own soldiers, or by Postumus ' troops after a siege of Laelianus ' capital.

After their death, Postumus claimed the consulship for himself and one of his associates, Honoratianus but, according to D. S.

Instead, he acted as Postumus deputy until the very last days of his revolt, when he seems to have assumed the purple for himself.

* Postumus, governor of Gaul, declares himself Emperor and continues to rule the Gallic Empire until 269 when he was killed by his soldiers.

The " Skythai " successfully invaded the Balkans in the early months of 268, and Aureolus, a commander of the cavalry, declared himself an ally of Postumus, and the new emperor at Milan.

When Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, a high official under Postumus, declared himself emperor in Germania Superior, in the spring of 269, Postumus defeated him, but in doing so, refused to allow the sack of Mainz, which had served as Laelianus ' headquarters.

Postumus himself seems to have held the office of consul five times.

A second campaign, led by Gallienus himself, also seemed to have the advantage over Postumus, but while Gallienus was besieging a city in Gaul ( probably Augusta Treverorum ), he was wounded and forced to withdraw.

Nevertheless, Postumus was given a golden opportunity in 268 to move against Gallienus when Aureolus, Gallienus ’ general who was in command of Mediolanum, openly changed sides and allied himself with Postumus.

As to why Aureolus is credited with suppressing the Macriani as a major challenge to Gallienus's rule rather than the Emperor himself there are two possible explanations: ( 1 ) The determination of the Latin historians to denigrate the achievements of Gallienus ; however, a more likely explanation is that ( 2 ) Gallienus was attempting at this time to crush the Gallic usurper Postumus who he probably saw as an even greater threat to his regime than the Macriani and to clear the Juthungi out of the Alpine province of Raetia where they posed a direct threat to Italy and Rome.

** 260 – 274, Germanic usurper Postumus declares himself Emperor of the Gallic Empire including Roman Gaul, Roman Britain, Roman Spain and Germania.

One more consequence of the catastrophe at the battle of Edessa was that Gallienus lost control over the two provinces of Germania, Britain, Spain and a large part of Gaul, when another general, Postumus, had declared his own realm ( typically known today as the Gallic Empire ).

In the decade following Valerian's capture by the Persians in 260, Postumus established a short-lived Gallic Empire, which included the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia, in addition to Gaul itself.

* Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul.

Postumus besiege Cologne, where Silvanus is praetorian prefect and Roman ruler of Gaul.

* Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.

* Postumus makes no move to march on Rome and claim his territory south of Gaul.

It was founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania.

Postumus declared his sole intention was to protect Gaul – this was his larger Imperial task – and in 261 he repelled mixed groups of Franks and Alamanni to hold the Rhine limes secure, though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years.

Amid the chaos of an invasion by the Alamanni and Franks, and spurred on by news of the defeat and capture of Valerian, the army in Gaul revolted and proclaimed Postumus emperor.

Saloninus, on the advice of his praetorian prefect Silvanus ( who had coordinated Roman policy in Gaul alongside Postumus ), demanded the transfer of the recovered booty to his residence at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium.

Postumus was immediately recognized as emperor in Gaul ( except for Narbonensis ), the two Germanias, and Raetia.

After having spent four years pushing the Franks out of Gaul, Postumus then recruited Frankish troops to fight against other Franks, probably dispersed within existing Roman army units.

Right from the beginning of his usurpation, Postumus had made it clear that he had no intentions to make a bid for Rome, that his priority was for Gaul.

Postumus ' powerbase was Gaul and his main responsibility was the defense of the Rhine provinces.

It also triggered a sequence of events that would see the end of Postumus ’ rule in Gaul.

For a while Gaul, including Spain and Britain, was governed by a separate line of emperors ( beginning with Postumus ).

Postumus proclaimed emperor in Gaul.

Hailing from Gaul, Victorinus was born to a family of great wealth, and was a soldier under Postumus, the first of the so-called Gallic emperors.

At any event, whether or not he indulged in an unsuccessful conspiracy, Aureolus does seem to have lost the confidence of Gallienus as a result of his failure to destroy Postumus in Gaul even though he was not brought to trial nor dismissed the Imperial service for that direlection of duty.

After the Roman administration collapsed in Gaul in the 260s, the armies under the Germanic Batavian Postumus revolted and proclaimed him emperor and then restored order.

Perhaps he hoped to achieve some official recognition from Gallienus ; what is clear however, is that Postumus had no intention of creating a separate “ Galliarum imperium ”.

Postumus was held under intense security.

So successful was he in the task of restoring peace and security to the provinces under his direct control that the coins issued by Postumus were of better workmanship and higher precious metal content than coins issued by Gallienus.

In 260 AD Postumus made Cologne the capital of the Gallic Empire which included the German and Gallic provinces, Britannia and the provinces of Hispania.

There is still considerable debate as to what Postumus ’ ultimate aims were, whether he ever intended to usurp Gallienus or whether he was content to rule the western provinces.

It may have been sheer resentment at his demotion after the unsuccessful attack on Postumus combined with a belief that Gallienus's military policies had undermined the defences of Dacia and the Illyrian provinces.

The prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, stationed near Exeter, ignored the call, and a fourth legion, IX Hispana, had been routed trying to relieve Camulodunum, but nonetheless the governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men.

Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword.

Postumus, a general in command of the troops on the banks of the Rhine, took possession of the booty which some raiders were carrying, after defeating them.

In 268, at some time before or soon after the battle of Naissus, Gallienus ' authority was challenged by Aureolus, commander of the cavalry stationed in Mediolanum ( Milan ), who was supposed to keep an eye on Postumus.

* Emperor Gallienus tries twice to crush the usurper Postumus, but on the first occasion Aureolus, commander of the elite cavalry, carelessly lets him escape.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus was born on June 26, 12 BC, the youngest of five children.

There has never been a clear consensus on why it happened, but in 9 AD, Augustus banished Postumus to the small island of Planasia.

The imperial heir Saloninus and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at Colonia Agrippina ( Cologne ), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a control on Postumus ' ambitions.

Boudica poisoned herself, and Postumus, having denied his men a share in the victory, fell on his sword.

On the death of Vladislaus I at the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444, the Hungarian estates, despite considerable opposition, elected Ladislaus Postumus as their king and sent a deputation to Vienna to induce Frederick to surrender the child and the Holy Crown, which he refused to do.

Most of these are not based on credible etymology, although the meanings assigned to Lucius, Manius, and Postumus are probably reasonable.

The city of Mediolanum would have been critical to Postumus if he planned to march on Rome.

Postumus began his fifth consulship on 1 January, 269, but the army, unhappy with Postumus ’ decision not to march on Rome in support of Aureolus, raised a usurper in early 269.

Although Postumus was able to quickly capture Mogontiacum and kill Laelianus, he was unable to control his own troops and they turned on him and killed him, since they were dissatisfied with him for not allowing them to sack the city of Mogontiacum.

During the end of its issue, when sestertii were reduced in size and quality, the double sestertius was issued first by Trajan Decius ( 249 – 251 AD ) and later in large quantity by the ruler of a breakaway regime in the West called Postumus ( 259 – 268 AD ), who often used worn old sestertii to overstrike his image and legends on.

In any event, Postumus ignored his invitation and Aureolus, unsupported by the Gallic usurper, was defeated by Gallienus in a battle on the River Adda east of Milan at a place known for centuries as Pontirolo ( from Latin Pons Aureoli i. e. ' The Bridge of Aureolus ').