The word " alphabet " in English has a source in Greek language in which the first two letters were " A " ( alpha ) and " B " ( beta ), hence " alphabeta ".

In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha represent the short.

Ammonius asks Plutarch what he, being a Boeotian, has to say for Cadmus, the Phoenician who reputedly settled in Thebes and introduced the alphabet to Greece, placing alpha first because it is the Phoenician name for ox — which, unlike Hesiod, the Phoenicians considered not the second or third, but the first of all necessities.

Because an alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 nucleus, which has mass number 4 and atomic number 2, this can also be written as:

The alpha particle also has a charge + 2, but the charge is usually not written in nuclear equations, which describe nuclear reactions without considering the electrons.

In practice, this mode of decay has only been observed in nuclides considerably heavier than nickel, with the lightest known alpha emitter being the lightest isotopes ( mass numbers 106 – 110 ) of tellurium ( element 52 ).

The RBE has been set at the value of 20 for alpha radiation by various government regulations.

Capricorn is a faint constellation, with only one star above magnitude 3 ; its alpha star has a magnitude of only 3. 6.

For example, at over 1. 9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 ( atomic number 83 ) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element.

For example, at over 1. 9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 ( atomic number 83 ) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element.

In supernova explosions, calcium is formed from the reaction of carbon with various numbers of alpha particles ( helium nuclei ), until the most common calcium isotope ( containing 10 helium nuclei ) has been synthesized.

< sup > 184 m1 </ sup > Au has three decay paths: β + decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay.

File: Ernest Rutherford 1908. jpg | Ernest Rutherford ( 1871-1937 ): considered " Father of Nuclear Physics ", showed how the atomic nucleus has a positive charge, first to change one element into another by an artificial nuclear reaction, differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation, awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908

However, it slowly decays, with the half-life of 32, 760 years, into < sup > 227 </ sup > Ac, which has a specific activity of 74 Ci / gram, emits both alpha and beta radiation, and has a much shorter half-life of 22 years.

< sup > 210 </ sup > Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138. 4 days ; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, < sup > 206 </ sup > Pb.

The peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute some double-bond character and inhibit rotation around its axis, so that the alpha carbons are roughly coplanar.

Gamma radiation occurs to rid the decaying nucleus of excess energy after it has emitted either alpha or beta radiation.

A division of the alpha like ( Sindbis-like ) supergroup on the basis of a novel domain located near the N termini of the proteins involved in in viral replication has been proposed.

It has excellent optical transparency in the range 0. 35 – 12 µm, and its radiation is primarily due to alpha particles, which can be easily stopped by a thin cover layer of another material.

Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 ( hafnium ) by alpha emission, but only < sup > 180 </ sup > W has been observed to do so with a half-life of ( 1. 8 ± 0. 2 )× 10 < sup > 18 </ sup > years ; on average, this yields about two alpha decays of < sup > 180 </ sup > W in one gram of natural tungsten per year.

The crystal lattice of solid americium and its compounds contains intrinsic defects, which are induced by self-irradiation with alpha particles and accumulate with time ; this results in a drift of some material properties.

The second longest-lived isotope of astatine, astatine-211, is the only one currently having any commercial application, being employed in medicine to diagnose and treat some diseases via its emission of alpha particles ( helium-4 nuclei ).

For some applications, a single alpha channel is not sufficient: a stained-glass window, for instance, requires a separate transparency channel for each RGB channel to model the red transparency, green transparency, and blue transparency.

The team were able to detect the alpha decay from a descendant of the 1n evaporation channel, providing some evidence for the formation of element 107 nuclei.

In these investigations, a sender, who was isolated in a visually opaque, electrically and acoustically shielded chamber, was stimulated at random by bursts of strobe-light flickers The experimenters reported that, for one receiver, differential alpha block on control and stimulus trials were observed, which showed that some information transfer had occurred.

About half of the nucleoporins typically contain either an alpha solenoid or a beta-propeller fold, or in some cases both as separate structural domains.

Another opposite breeding system to this is polygyny in which one male mates with many females ( e. g., lions, deer, some primates, and many systems where there is an alpha male ).

Alpha particles are the same as a helium-4 nucleus ( two protons and two neutrons ) and travel at speeds in excess of 5 % of the speed of light, but they interact with matter very heavily, and thus at their usual velocities only penetrate a few centimeters of air, or a few millimeters of low density material ( such as the thin mica material which is specially placed in some Geiger counter tubes to allow alpha particles in ).

The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, mostly spent fuel rods, contains fission products that emit beta and gamma radiation, and actinides that emit alpha particles, such as uranium-234, neptunium-237, plutonium-238 and americium-241, and even sometimes some neutron emitters such as californium ( Cf ).

Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays, are undetectable by the human senses, therefore a measuring device is used to detect, measure and record this, and in some cases give an alarm when a preset level is exceeded.

Some individuals experience allergic reactions to some tocopheryl esters or develop a rash and hives that may spread over the entire body from the use of topical products with alpha tocopheryl esters.

Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages-who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent.

The latter has the advantage to induce structure formation of proteins, inducing beta-sheets in some and alpha helices in others, which they would not show under normal aqueous conditions.

The system has spawned many books, some of them authored or co-authored by José Silva, with many others based on the basic principles of the method but spreading into other areas of awareness and application whilst in the alpha state.

Particularly with males, there can be some fighting in the beginning, but once an alpha male rat has been determined, the rats should get along well.

In some cases, only beta memories are indexed, whilst in others, indexing is used for both alpha and beta memories.

In some cases, the use of triethylamine as the base can lead to epimerisation at the carbon alpha to the newly formed carbonyl.

Species tend to have wider ranges than moist forest species, although in some regions many species do display highly restricted ranges ; most dry forest species are restricted to tropical dry forests, particularly in plants ; beta diversity and alpha diversity high but typically lower than adjacent moist forests.

As for oxygen, some authors consider it an alpha element, while others do not.

Although the most commonly used, there are some misconceptions regarding Cronbach's alpha

The calcium in some presolar grains is composed primarily of Ca-44, which is presumably the remains of the extinct radionuclide Ti-44, a titanium isotope composed of equal numbers ( 22 each ) of neutrons and protons which is formed in abundance in Type IIa supernovae after rapid capture of eight alpha particles to Si-28, after the process of silicon burning normally begins, prior to supernova explosion.