Prior to this, the only Tory / Conservative party in Scotland was the official Conservative Party, which had never achieved parity with the dominant Whig and Scottish Liberal Party ascendancy since the election reforms of 1832.

Prior to the ascendancy of the Faceless Man, Shant was plagued by constant civil war and dissension.

Prior to the 2008 elections, a decision to change the electoral date and extend the parliamentary mandate resulted in major controversy when the Assembly deputies snubbed the president and chose to extend their mandate.

Meanwhile, a delegation from the African Union Commission praised the election for taking place with " calm and serenity " Prior to the 2009 election, Tunisia amended its constitution to allow more candidates to run for president, allowing the top official from each political party to compete for the presidency regardless of whether they held seats in parliament.

Prior to the 1960 Democratic National Convention, Stevenson announced that he was not seeking the Democratic nomination for president, but would accept a draft.

Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the president ( to which Chiang nominated Hu Shih ) be a mere figurehead.

Prior to the inauguration of the 2008 season, Henry Neumann resigned as president and entered politics.

Prior to becoming president in 1997, McAleese had also held the following positions: Director of Channel 4 Television, Director, Northern Ireland Electricity, Director, Royal Group of Hospitals Trust and Founding member of the Irish Commission for Prisoners Overseas.

Prior to being elected president, Müller served as the Vice-president in 1898, 1906, 1912, and 1918.

Prior to the 2004 election, Buchanan announced he once again identified himself as a Republican, declared that he had no interest in ever running for president again, and reluctantly endorsed Bush's 2004 re-election, writing:

Prior to the formation of the system, the position of president was more akin to what is now chancellor of the Columbia campus.

Prior to the 2009 constitutional reforms, if no candidate received half the popular vote, the president was chosen by a vote in a joint legislative session from among the top two candidates ( prior to 1995, the top three candidates were eligible ).

The corporation consists of four ex officio members: the president of the college, the Prior Provincial of the Dominican Province of St. Joseph, the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence, and the chairman of the Board of Trustees.

Prior to that he was president of the company, responsible for Raytheon ’ s government and defense operations, including the four Strategic Business Areas of Missile Defense ; Precision Engagement ; Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance ( ISR ); and Homeland Security.

Prior to becoming president, he served as the Executive Secretary of the Department of Higher Education of the National Education Association for seven years.

Prior to his appointment as LSU's eighth chancellor, Dr. Martin had established a distinguished career in higher education, serving most recently as president of New Mexico State University.

Prior to his election, Mwanawasa served as vice president from 1991 to 1994 whilst an elected Member of Parliament for Chifubu Constituency.

Prior to accepting the job as university president, Lunsford served as the vice president of student affairs and external relations at the University of Texas at Tyler.

Prior to 1960, the U. S. had never had a Catholic president.

Prior to his removal, he was executive vice president of the church and president of the college, and was widely considered to be heir-apparent to succeed his father as head of the church and its operations.

Prior to his election as president, Ramos served in the Cabinet of President Corazon Aquino first as chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ), chief of Integrated National Police, and later on, as Secretary of National Defense from 1986 to 1991.

Prior to being president, he led the Eritrean People's Liberation Front ( EPLF ) to victory in May 1991, thus ending the 30-year-old armed liberation struggle for Eritrean independence.

Prior to Serzh Sargsyan's election as president of Armenia and for a short time thereafter, the ARF was a member of the governing coalition, even though it nominated its own candidate in the presidential elections.

Prior to his death, according to the Book of Jubilees, Amram was among those who went to Egypt and recovered the bones of the sons of his grandfather and great uncles ( excluding those of Joseph which had already been brought to Canaan ), so that they could be reburied in the cave of Machpelah.

Prior to arriving at Montreal, Saladin withdrew, realizing that if he met Nur ad-Din at Shaubak, he would be refused return to Egypt because of Nur ad-Din's reluctance to consolidate such massive territorial control to Saladin.

Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt.

Prior to the Italian invasion of Egypt, under Air Commodore Raymond Collishaw, the RAF in Egypt — which comprised nine squadrons — focused its activities on ground support, reconnaissance, and only when necessary aerial combat with the Italian Regia Aeronautica.

Prior to the 3rd Intermediate Period of Egypt from the ( 15th century BCE ), names of semitic-speaking pastoral cattle nomadic peoples of the Levant appear, replacing previous Egyptian concern with the Hurrianised ' prw (' Apiru or Habiru ).

Featured Pharaoh: The God's Father Ay, < cite > Ancient Egypt </ cite >, April / May 2006. p. 27 – 28 .</ ref > Prior to this promotion he appears to have been first a Troop Commander and then a " regular " Overseer of Horses, titles which were found on a box thought to have been part of the original furnishings for his tomb .< ref name =" Sunset 95 "> Dodson, Aidan.

Prior to the unification of Egypt, the land was settled with autonomous villages.

Prior to the Hellenistic period, imperial cults were known in Ancient Egypt ( pharaohs ) and Mesopotamia ( since Naram-Sin ).

Prior to the Kushites building these pyramids ( which are located in modern day Sudan ), there had been no pyramid construction in Egypt and the Nile Valley for more than 500 years.

Prior to the rise of Saladin, Egypt was the center of the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, the only period in Islamic history when a caliphate was ruled by members of the Shia branch of Islam.

Prior to that, most of the passengers had disembarked in Egypt for a tour of the Pyramids, and the ship set out to sea to return later for the touring passengers.

Prior to Piye's Year 20 campaign into Egypt, the previous Nubian ruler – Kashta – had already extended his kingdom's influence over into Thebes when he compelled Shepenupet, the serving Divine Adoratice of Amun and Takelot III's sister, to adopt his own daughter Amenirdis, to be her successor.

Prior to the 2011 revolution which dispossessed Hosni Mubarak, elections in Egypt were criticized by the domestic opposition as well as international observers as being grossly fraudulent, bordering on show elections.

A list of the nearly 700 books in his library is preserved in the Bodleian Library while architecture and related crafts made up the bulk of his books ; other subjects covered included: antiquities, coins, and heraldry ; histories of England, Scotland and Rome and other nations ; literature included works by Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe and Matthew Prior ; travel books including Egypt, the South Seas, Russia, Hungary, Lapland, Virginia, Ceylon and Abyssinia, missionary travels included China, Formosa, Guinea, Borneo and the East Indies ; books on religion included both Anglican and Roman Catholic works ; and even cookery books.

Prior to his rule, Egypt had been governed by the Ottoman Empire, and while he still technically owed fealty to the Ottoman Porte, Muhammad Ali sought to gain full independence for Egypt.

Prior to that, he spent nine years ( 1988 – 1997 ) heading the epigraphic efforts at Chicago House in Luxor, Egypt.

Prior to her career in this office, the Assyrians had invaded Egypt in 671 B. C., sacked Thebes and robbed its temples of their many treasures.

Prior to the Roman conquest of Egypt, he had served as an immortal advisor to its kings and queens, and the last person to awake him for consultation had been Cleopatra, the last ruler of Egypt.