The genetic kinship view is augmented with the fact that Proto-Balto-Slavic is easily reconstructible with important proofs in historic prosody.

Proto-Indo-European accent is usually reconstructed as a free pitch-accent system, preserved in Ancient Greek, Vedic, and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Late Proto-Slavic accentual system was based on the fundamental opposition of short / long circumflex ( falling ) tone, and the acute ( rising ) tone, position of the ictus being free as is the state of affairs inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic.

A Proto-Balto-Slavic language is reconstructable by comparative method, descending from Proto-Indo-European by means of well-defined sound laws, and out of which modern Slavic and Baltic languages descended.

Proto-Balto-Slavic is a reconstructed proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European and out of which all later Baltic and Slavic languages and dialects descended.

The Proto-Balto-Slavic language is not directly attested by any surviving texts but has been reconstructed using the comparative method.

They show the closest relationship with the Slavic languages, and have, by most scholars, been reconstructed to a common Proto-Balto-Slavic stage, during which Common Balto-Slavic lexical, phonological, morphological and accentological isoglosses are thought to have developed.

Lithuanian and other Baltic languages passed through a Proto-Balto-Slavic stage, from which Baltic languages retain numerous exclusive and non-exclusive lexical, morphological, phonological and accentual isoglosses in common with the Slavic languages, which represent their closest living Indo-European relatives.

The two language families probably evolved from a common ancestor, a phylogenetic Proto-Balto-Slavic language continuum.

These vowels stemmed from the Proto-Balto-Slavic short and ( compare Latin angulus and Old Church Slavonic.

The phonological changes which set Balto-Slavic apart from other Indo-European languages probably lasted from c. 3000 to 1000 BCE, a period known as common Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Others are argued to be borrowings from Centum languages, e. g. Proto-Balto-Slavic * kárwā ' cow ' ( Lith.

The notable early Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher ( 1861 ) proposed a simple solution: From Proto-Indo-European descended Proto-Balto-Slavic, out of which Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic emerged.

Accent alternations are very frequent in inflectional paradigms, both by quality and placement in the word ( the so-called " mobile paradigms ", which were present in the PIE itself but in Proto-Balto-Slavic have become much more widespread ).

The alleged ( or certain, as certain as historic linguistics can be ) contact similarities are seen in such phenomena as the existence of definite adjectives, which exist in both Baltic and Slavic and nowhere else in the Indo-European family ( languages such as Albanian and the Scandinavian languages developed definite adjectives only in more recent times ), that are not reconstructible for Proto-Balto-Slavic, meaning they are most likely to have had to have developed through language contact.

Antoine Meillet ( 1905, 1908, 1922, 1925, 1934 ), the distinguished French Indo-Europeanist, in reaction to a second simplified theory of Schleicher's, propounded a view according to which all similarities of Baltic and Slavic occurred accidentally, by independent parallel development, and that there was no Proto-Balto-Slavic language.

As a result of Winter's law, the distinction between those two series has been indirectly preserved in Proto-Balto-Slavic, because Balto-Slavic vowel would lengthen before a plain voiced stop, but not before an aspirated stop, this occurring probably only if the stop was in syllable coda ( i. e. in closed syllable ).

The Latvian linguist Jānis Endzelīns thought, however, that any similarities among Baltic and Slavic languages were a result of an intensive language contact, i. e., that they were not genetically related and that there was no common Proto-Balto-Slavic language.

See also Proto-Balto-Slavic language and Proto-Celtic language.

The development into Proto-Slavic probably occurred along the southern periphery of the Proto-Balto-Slavic continuum.

but for this discussion the most important division is between those who have been reconstructed and those who haven't.

My definition of this much abused adjective is that a reconstructed rebel is one who is glad that the North won the War.

The ' far-away light ' () is a reference to St Elmo's Fire, an electrical discharge supposed by ancient Greek mariners to be an epiphany of the Dioscuri, but the meaning of the line was obscured by gaps in the papyrus until reconstructed by a modern scholar — such reconstructions are typical of the extant poetry ( see Scholars, fragments and sources below ).

A few hundred metres away, there is the now partially reconstructed Theatre of Herodes Atticus.

Subsequently spatial measurements can be greatly affected, and careful analysis of the reconstructed volume is needd to ensure the correct results.

The Schwarzwälder Freilichtmuseum Vogtsbauernhof is an open-air museum that shows the life of sixteenth or seventeenth century farmers in the region, featuring a number of reconstructed Black Forest farms.

A full catalogue of the library available to Bede in the monastery cannot be reconstructed, but it is possible to tell, for example, that Bede was very familiar with the works of Virgil.

After decades of neglect and damage from wartime, Cambodia's rail network is currently being reconstructed as part of the Trans-Asian Railway project with modern trains replacing the current open-access system of " bamboo trains ", homemade bamboo mats powered by go-kart or water pump engines.

Childe's Tomb is a reconstructed granite cross on the south-east edge of Foxtor Mires, about 500 metres north of Fox Tor on Dartmoor, Devon, England at.

Sluter was also responsible for the main part of the work on Philip's tomb, which ( restored and partly reconstructed ) has been moved to the Museum of Fine Arts which is housed in the former ducal palace in Dijon.

The largest of three is the north-east cairn, which was partially reconstructed in the 19th century and the central cairn may have been used as a funeral pyre.

Given r, the rate of rotation is easy to infer from the constant angular momentum L, so a 2D solution can be easily reconstructed from a 1D solution of this equation.

Here is Schleicher ’ s explanation of why he offered reconstructed forms:

The Proto-Celtic form of the theonym is reconstructed as either * Cerno-on-os or * Carno-on-os.

Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out ( or lost in transmission ), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly.

SunWatch is a partially reconstructed 12th-century prehistoric American Indian village ; the village is organized around a central plaza dominated by wood posts forming an astronomical calendar.

The Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal ; but requires an infinite number of samples.

The restored cut, at 115 minutes, is thus not the traditional " director's cut ," but is closest to the director's preferred version, as it was reconstructed based on Peckinpah's notes, and according to his style in general.

A masculine Elb is reconstructed from the plural by Jacob Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, who rejects Elfe as a ( then, in the 1830s ) recent anglicism.

Elb ( m, plural Elbe or Elben ) is a reconstructed term, while Elbe ( f ) is attested in Middle High German.

The comparative method is used for reconstructing a given proto-language from its descendants.

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.

Genealogically related languages present shared retentions, that is, features of the proto-language ( or reflexes of such features ) that cannot be explained by chance or borrowing ( convergence ).

However, it is possible to recover many features of a proto-language by applying the comparative method — a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th century linguist August Schleicher.

To demonstrate the existence of a language family, it is necessary to find cognate words that trace back to a common proto-language.

Proto-Romance is a proto-language, i. e. the latest stage common to all of the Romance languages.

* The Elvish language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language.

This hypothesised proto-language is called Proto-Pontic, but is not widely accepted.

Pontic is the proposed language family or macrofamily, comprising the Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian language families, with Proto-Pontic being the reconstructed proto-language.

Lexicostatistics is related to the comparative method but does not reconstruct a proto-language.

It is to be distinguished from glottochronology, which attempts to use lexicostatistical methods to estimate the length of time since two or more languages diverged from a common earlier proto-language.

The proto-language that is thought to be the ancestor of all Eastern Caucasian (" Alarodian ") languages, in fact, has words for concepts such as the wheel ( which is first found in the Central Caucasus around 4000 BCE-3000 BCE ), so it is thought that the region had intimate links to the Fertile Crescent ( many scholars supporting the thesis that the Eastern Caucasians originally came from the Northern Fertile Crescent, and backing this up with linguistic affinities of the Urartian and Hurrian language to the Northeast Caucasus ).

The Lhammas and related writings like " The Etymologies " illustrate Tolkien's conception of the languages of Middle-earth as a language family analogous to Indo-European, with diverging branches and sub-branches — though for the immortal Elves the proto-language is remembered rather than reconstructed.

Urheimat ( or / ˈʊəhaɪmɑ: t /; ; a German compound of Ur-" primitive, original " and Heimat " home, homeland ") is a linguistic term that denotes the homeland of the speakers of a proto-language.

A proto-language is a reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language in the Tree model of language evolution.

However, it is possible to have considerable confidence regarding the location of an urheimat of a language or language family from multiple lines of linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence, even when the precise contours of a proto-language are not firmly established.

The Funnel beaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture, and the Corded Ware culture are possible archaeological representatives of the proto-language speakers, in this theory as it is commonly expressed.

Today, one phonetic character is hardly enough to define a proto-language.

Both are culturally derived from or strongly influenced by the Urnfield culture and its predecessor, the Tumulus culture of Central Europe ( 1600 BC ), so that the latter is a likely candidate for the homeland of an Italo-Celtic proto-language or dialect continuum.

A common Afro-Asiatic proto-language is necessarily older than these very old written languages which belonged to language families that had already diverged from each other considerably by that point.

The overlap between the potential areas of origin for these languages in East Africa is particularly notable because includes the regions from which the Proto-Eurasians who brought anatomically modern humans Out of Africa, and presumably their original proto-language or languages originated.

There were multiple languages spoken in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula prior to Korea's unification, and there is dispute over which of those languages gave rise to modern Korean sometime in the first millennium CE, and what relationship that proto-language may have had to the proposed family of Altaic languages.