Christian and the Teutonic Order then agreed that two thirds of the conquered territory in Prussia should belong to the Order, to form a Teutonic Order state, and one-third to the bishop ; that, moreover, the bishop should have the right to exercise ecclesiastical functions in the territory belonging to the Order.

Starting in great force late in December, from a line stretching from East Prussia to Budapest, the Red armies had swept two hundred miles across Poland to the Oder, thirty miles from Berlin, and the Upper Danube region was being rapidly overrun, while the Western Allies had not yet occupied all of the left bank of the Rhine.

Historically, the coast around Königsberg in Prussia was the world's leading source of amber.

Albert of Prussia (; ) ( 17 May 1490 – 20 March 1568 ) was the 37th and last sovereign Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia, which was the first state to adopt the Lutheran faith and Protestantism as the official state religion.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

The Grand Master then journeyed to Wittenberg, where he was advised by Martin Luther to abandon the rules of his Order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself.

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

Summoned before the imperial court of justice, Albert refused to appear and was proscribed, while the Order elected a new Grand Master, Walter von Cronberg, who received Prussia as a fief at the imperial Diet of Augsburg.

St. Vojtěch was later made the patron saint of Bohemia, Poland, Hungary and Prussia.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

Albert Frederick (, ; 7 May 1553 Königsberg – 28 August 1618 Fischhausen ) was duke of Prussia from 1568 until his death.

He was a son of Albert of Prussia and Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

Albert became Duke of Prussia after paying feudal homage to the King of Poland, Zygmunt August ( Ducal Prussia was a fief of Poland ), on July 19, 1569 in Lublin.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

In 1792 Ansbach was annexed by the Hohenzollerns of Prussia.

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 – 1918 ), the German Empire ( 1871 – 1918 ), the Weimar Republic ( 1919 – 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 – 1945 ).

With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king ( in Königsberg ), Berlin became the new capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( instead of Königsberg ); this was a successful attempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread Prussian Kingdom, and it was the first time the city began to grow.

Bulgaria, often dubbed " Prussia of the Balkans ", was militarily the most powerful of the four states, with a large, well-trained and well-equipped army.

Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870 — when Prussia and the German states smashed France — would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwest France.

Largely outnumbered, the Prussian army was crushed at Jena-Auerstedt in 1806 ; Napoleon captured Berlin and went as far as Eastern Prussia.

That said, the situation in England was far worse than in Scandinavia, France and Prussia: as late as 1841, 33 % of all Englishmen and 44 % of Englishwomen signed marriage certificates with their mark as they were unable to write ( government-financed public education was not available in England until 1870 and, even then, on a limited basis ).

Bismarck proposed that Prussia should exploit Austria's weakness to move her frontiers " as far south as Lake Constance " on the Swiss border ; instead Prussia mobilised troops in the Rhineland to deter further French advances into Venetia.

The Russian army, an ally of Prussia, was still far away when Prussia declared war.

However, when Napoleon advanced as far as Thuringia after September 1806 in response to the Berlin Ultimatum, which demanded the withdrawal of French troops from the left bank of the Rhine, Frederick Augustus joined with Prussia.

Crimes and Mercies met with far less hostility from historians, who acknowledge the deaths of hundreds of thousands of German soldiers and civilians held in Soviet captivity, and possibly up to two million civilians who died in the mass expulsions of Germans from East Prussia, eastern Brandenburg, Pomerania, western Poland, Silesia, the Sudetenland and Romania.

* The Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia were the largest and by far the most powerful members of the Confederation.

In late January, Bennigsen's Russian army went on the offensive in East Prussia, pushing far to the west.

Since Prussia was by far the largest state in the German Empire, its regulations also influenced spelling elsewhere.

Napoleon had just occupied Hanover, and Haugwitz had urged upon the king the necessity for strong measures and the expediency of a Russian alliance ; During his absence, however, the king's irresolution continued ; he clung to the policy of neutrality which had so far seemed to have served Prussia so well ; and Hardenberg contented himself with adapting himself to the royal will.

Treitschke approached political history as a German nationalist and focused on those periods and characters in which great political problems were being worked out: above all, he was a patriotic historian, and he never wandered far from Prussia.

Bismarck had fought and succeeded in leaving out Austria, Prussia's long standing competitor, and Prussia became the largest and by far most influential state in the new German Empire.

After leaving the potshop, many of these melon jugs received pewter lids made by a tinsmith before being shipped off by wagon or on the back of peddlers to customers in Prussia, Bohemia, and Poland, even as far away as Russia.

She foresaw that because Prussia was by far the weakest of the great powers, and it would not have been able to ensure it benefited from the results of such an alliance.

Returning to a much different Prussia than she left, a preacher observed that " our dear queen is far from joyful, but her seriousness has a quiet serenity ... her eyes have lost their former sparkle, and one sees that they have wept much, and still weep ".

Papen was motivated to make this move because Prussia, by far the largest state in Germany, served as a powerful base upon which the political left could draw, and also provided them with institutional power, particularly in the form of the Prussian Police.

Since Prussia was, by far, the largest state in the German Empire, its regulations also influenced spelling elsewhere, for instance, in 1894, when Switzerland recognized the Duden.

In 1808 he was appointed tutor to the royal princes, in 1809 councillor of state in the department of religion, and in 1810 tutor of the crown prince ( afterwards Frederick William IV of Prussia ), on whose sensitive and dreamy nature he was to exercise a powerful but far from wholesome influence.

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Edwards Holbrook of South Carolina, Thomas Nuttall and Richard Owen of the United Kingdom, Georges Cuvier of France, and Alexander von Humboldt of Prussia were among the corresponding members ( members who lived far from Philadelphia ) of the Academy's first decades.

This was a significant departure from tradition, as the Polish minority in Prussia had so far predominantly supported the Catholic ' Centre Party ' in elections.

Prussia sent almost half the representatives, being the largest state by far and so could block almost any decision.

Prussia was ahead of its time in this matter and was considered to be acting in the spirit of the Enlightenment, but they would soon be overtaken.