Psychohistory derives many of its concepts from areas that are perceived to be ignored by conventional historians as shaping factors of human history, in particular, the effects of childbirth, parenting practice, and child abuse.

The Mule operated completely outside the Seldon Plan because Psychohistory operated only with probabilities and known human statistics, but the Mule was a mutant, and thus his birth was not predicted by Seldon, nor were his startling mental abilities.

One of the central tenets of Psychohistory was the belief in standard human reaction to outside stimuli, which the Mule negated, and the practice of dealing with masses of people, not individuals ; an individual capable of altering the Seldon Plan could not be calculated.

He eventually takes Demerzel's place as First Minister, despite his reluctance to divide his attention between government and the development of Psychohistory.

Psychohistory gives members of the Foundation a full understanding of the struggle for power between generals and emperors that takes place inside the Empire.

The principal center for psychohistorical study is The Institute for Psychohistory founded by Lloyd deMause which has 19 branches around the globe and has for over 30 years published the The Journal of Psychohistory.

It publishes Psychohistory News and has a psychohistorical mail order lending library.

A course in Psychohistory has been taught at a four universities at the undergraduate level.

Psychohistory has one basic, underlying limitation which Asimov postulated for the first time on literally the last page of the final book in the Foundation series: psychohistory only functions in a galaxy populated only by humans.

Another theory that has similarities to Psychohistory is " Generational Dynamics " proposed by John J. Xenakis, where he proposes, " Generational Dynamics is a historical methodology that analyzes historical events through the flow of generations, and uses the analysis to forecast future events by comparing today's generational attitudes to those of the past ".

Psychohistory also has echoes of modernization theory and of work in the social sciences that by the 1960s would lead to attempts at large-scale social prediction and control such as Project Camelot.

A psychogenic mode in Psychohistory is a type of mentality ( or psychoclass ) that results from, and is associated with, a particular childrearing style.

Some historians, social scientists and anthropologists have, however, argued that their disciplines already describe psychological motivation and that Psychohistory is not, therefore, a separate subject.

Others have dismissed deMause's theories and motives arguing that the emphasis given by Psychohistory to speculation on the psychological motivations of people in history make it an undisciplined field of study.

The Psychohistory Forum, which publishes the quarterly journal Clio ’ s Psyche, was founded in 1983 by historian and psychoanalyst Paul H. Elovitz.

Seldon eventually causes the fall of the junta by dropping subtle false hints about what Psychohistory foresees, leading to the Junta making unpopular decisions.

A collection of research papers by the group was published in 1975: Explorations in Psychohistory: The Wellfleet Papers ( see Bibliography ; Lifton as editor ).

There is a third underlying axiom of Psychohistory, which is trivial and thus not stated by Seldon in his Plan:

Hari Seldon's Psychohistory Project was a ' backup ' initiated by R. Daneel Olivaw in the event that Galaxia was not determined to be the ideal course of action.

Called forth to stand trial on Trantor for allegations of treason ( for foreshadowing the decline of the Galactic Empire ), Seldon explains that his science of Psychohistory foresees many alternatives, all of which result in the Galactic Empire eventually falling.

Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events.

Psychohistory relies heavily on historical biography.

A black-and-white version of the chart appears in Foundations of Psychohistory.

Psychohistory remains a controversial field of study, and deMause and other psychohistorians face criticism in the academic community.

Psychohistory uses a plurality of methodologies, and it is difficult to determine which is appropriate to use in each circumstance.

For examples of the more frivolous and distasteful sort of psychohistory, see The Journal of Psychohistory.

For more serious and scholarly attempts to understand the psychological dimension of the past, see The Psychohistory Review.

* Lloyd deMause, founder of The Institute for Psychohistory.

* The Institute for Psychohistory.

Clio's Psyche and The Psychohistory Forum: Psychological and Historican Insight without jargon.

This was the reason for his causing the creation of Psychohistory and Gaia.

It later gained fame for housing Hari Seldon and his " Seldon Psychohistory Project.

Psychohistory is based on group trends and cannot predict with sufficient accuracy the effects of extraordinary, unforeseeable individuals ; and, as originally presented, the Second Foundation's purpose was to counter this flaw.

It holds an equally valuable lesson for a society where the word `` intellectual '' has become a term of opprobrium to millions of well-meaning people who somehow imagine that it must be destructive of the simpler human virtues.

" Mike Bogue of American Kaiju said the film " not liv up to its potential ," but added that " colorful and elaborate spectacle eventually won me over " and " the main story thread dealing with the eventual reconciliation of the divorced couple adequately holds the human plot together.

Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 – 1982 ) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest.

Located at 9341 Venice Boulevard in the Palms district of Los Angeles, California, the Museum holds a specialized repository of relics and artifacts evoking some of the more obscure and poetic aspects of natural history, the history of technology and science, and their entwined realizations in human artistry and ingenuity.

Social Darwinism is a social theory which holds that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is a model, not only for the development of biological traits in a population, but also as an application for human social institutions — the existing social institutions being implicitly declared as normative.

According to natural law theory, which holds that morality is a function of human nature and reason can discover valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity in society, the content of positive law cannot be known without some reference to natural law ( or something like it ).

Where Nestorianism holds that Christ had two loosely-united natures, divine and human, monophysitism holds that he had but a single nature, his human nature being absorbed into his divinity.

The univocal conception of freedom holds that human will is free of cause, even though creaturely in character.

Traditional Islam holds to the powerlessness of human will, apart from the aid of Allah, and yet without a doctrine of Original Sin.

He recognised that religious labels held no value and it is the deeds of human that will be judged in the hereafter what we call ourselves religiously holds no value.

Michael Freeden in his study Ideologies and Political Theory ( 1996 ) states that all socialists share five themes: the first is that socialism posits that society is more than a mere collection of individuals ; second, that it considers human welfare a desirable objective ; third, that it considers humans by nature to be active and productive ; fourth, it holds the belief of human equality ; and fifth, that history is progressive and will create positive change on the condition that humans work to achieve such change.

The Chomskyan school also holds the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages – the knowledge acquired by learning a language – are merely surface phenomena and do not affect cognitive processes that are universal to all human beings.

Instead, Deism holds that religious beliefs must be founded on human reason and observed features of the natural world, and that these sources reveal the existence of a supreme being as creator.

The Christology commonly called " Arian " holds that Jesus, before his human life, existed as the Logos, a being created by God, who dwelt with God in heaven.

* September 29 – Leo I begins to formulate orthodoxy and condemns Eutychianism, an extreme form of monophysitism which holds that the human nature of Christ is absorbed by his divine nature.

This notion was deeply rooted in the aesthetic value simplicity holds for human thought and the justifications presented for it often drew from theology.

Lucretius uses the analogy of a vessel, stating that the physical body is the vessel that holds both the mind ( mens ) and spirit ( anima ) of a human being.

A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft.

That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned ; That until there are no longer first-class and second-class citizens of any nation ; That until the colour of a man's skin is of no more significance than the colour of his eyes ; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race ; That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained ; And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed ; Until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good-will ; Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings, equal in the eyes of all men, as they are in the eyes of Heaven ; Until that day, the African continent will not know peace.

Mathematical realism, like realism in general, holds that mathematical entities exist independently of the human mind.