Another theory that has similarities to Psychohistory is " Generational Dynamics " proposed by John J. Xenakis, where he proposes, " Generational Dynamics is a historical methodology that analyzes historical events through the flow of generations, and uses the analysis to forecast future events by comparing today's generational attitudes to those of the past ".

Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events.

Some historians, social scientists and anthropologists have, however, argued that their disciplines already describe psychological motivation and that Psychohistory is not, therefore, a separate subject.

A psychogenic mode in Psychohistory is a type of mentality ( or psychoclass ) that results from, and is associated with, a particular childrearing style.

The principal center for psychohistorical study is The Institute for Psychohistory founded by Lloyd deMause which has 19 branches around the globe and has for over 30 years published the The Journal of Psychohistory.

Psychohistory is based on group trends and cannot predict with sufficient accuracy the effects of extraordinary, unforeseeable individuals ; and, as originally presented, the Second Foundation's purpose was to counter this flaw.

As a fictional portrayal of a far-future Professor of Psychohistory, Hari Seldon is presented at the beginning of " Foundation "

Psychohistory is a fictional science in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe which combines history, sociology, etc., and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.

There is a third underlying axiom of Psychohistory, which is trivial and thus not stated by Seldon in his Plan:

Gay is a leading champion of Psychohistory and an admirer of Sigmund Freud.

The Psychohistory Forum, which publishes the quarterly journal Clio ’ s Psyche, was founded in 1983 by historian and psychoanalyst Paul H. Elovitz.

Called forth to stand trial on Trantor for allegations of treason ( for foreshadowing the decline of the Galactic Empire ), Seldon explains that his science of Psychohistory foresees many alternatives, all of which result in the Galactic Empire eventually falling.

According to Krugman, his interest in economics began with Asimov's Foundation novels, in which the social scientists of the future use ' Psychohistory ' to attempt to save civilization.

Since ' Psychohistory ' in Asimov's sense of the word does not exist, Krugman turned to economics, which he considered the next best thing.

Psychohistory has one basic, underlying limitation which Asimov postulated for the first time on literally the last page of the final book in the Foundation series: psychohistory only functions in a galaxy populated only by humans.

One of the central tenets of Psychohistory was the belief in standard human reaction to outside stimuli, which the Mule negated, and the practice of dealing with masses of people, not individuals ; an individual capable of altering the Seldon Plan could not be calculated.

Psychohistory derives many of its concepts from areas that are perceived to be ignored by conventional historians as shaping factors of human history, in particular, the effects of childbirth, parenting practice, and child abuse.

Psychohistory holds that human societies can change between infanticidal and non-infanticidal practices and has coined the term " early infanticidal childrearing " to describe abuse and neglect observed by many anthropologists.

Psychohistory relies heavily on historical biography.

Others have dismissed deMause's theories and motives arguing that the emphasis given by Psychohistory to speculation on the psychological motivations of people in history make it an undisciplined field of study.

A black-and-white version of the chart appears in Foundations of Psychohistory.

Psychohistory remains a controversial field of study, and deMause and other psychohistorians face criticism in the academic community.

For examples of the more frivolous and distasteful sort of psychohistory, see The Journal of Psychohistory.

For more serious and scholarly attempts to understand the psychological dimension of the past, see The Psychohistory Review.

It publishes Psychohistory News and has a psychohistorical mail order lending library.

A course in Psychohistory has been taught at a four universities at the undergraduate level.

* Lloyd deMause, founder of The Institute for Psychohistory.

* The Institute for Psychohistory.

Clio's Psyche and The Psychohistory Forum: Psychological and Historican Insight without jargon.

This was the reason for his causing the creation of Psychohistory and Gaia.

It later gained fame for housing Hari Seldon and his " Seldon Psychohistory Project.

Spurred by his background in the philosophy of language, Berlin argued for a nuanced and subtle understanding of our political terminology, where what was superficially understood as a single concept could mask a plurality of different uses and therefore meanings.

A Briton might say " Alice won with a majority of 9 " ( since Alice polled 9 more votes than her closest competitor ), whereas a Canadian would only say " Alice won with a plurality ", since the Canadian definition uses the word " majority " only if Alice would have polled more than all her competitors combined.

Since counterfactual history is such a recent development, a serious, systematic critique of its uses and methodologies has yet to be made, as the movement itself is still working out those methods and frameworks.

An object-oriented operating system is an operating system that internally uses object-oriented methodologies.

Pascual-Leone combines various brain imaging and brain stimulation methodologies to establish a causal relationship and a precise chronometry between regional brain activation and behavior, and uses noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to modulate brain plasticity, suppressing some changes and enhancing others, to gain a clinical benefit and behavioral advantage for a given individual.

Research about the counseling process and outcome uses a variety of research methodologies to answer questions about if, how, and why counseling works.

While web engineering uses software engineering principles, web development encompasses new approaches, methodologies, tools, techniques, and guidelines to meet the unique requirements for web-based applications.

While web Engineering uses software engineering principles, it encompasses new approaches, methodologies, tools, techniques, and guidelines to meet the unique requirements of web-based applications.

The firm ’ s Qualitative Institute uses a variety of qualitative research methodologies, including cross-cultural projective and elective techniques, to provide counsel at each stage of the product lifecycle.

Eminox is tuned to low to medium volume requirements with particular expertise in aftermarket and retrofit solutions, and the company uses advanced manufacturing techniques and adheres to Six Sigma methodologies.

Figes uses a broad range of methodologies, including social, cultural and oral history, and his writing combines literary and academic qualities.

However, visual sociology-theoretically at least-includes the study of all kinds of visual material and the visual social world, and uses all kinds of visual material in its methodologies.