Psychostimulants, especially in one already prone to psychotic thinking, can cause some " positive " symptoms, such as delusional beliefs, particularly those persecutory in nature.

Psychostimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, caffeine, and nicotine, produce improvements in physical and mental functioning, including increased energy and feelings of euphoria.

Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, induce dramatic changes in dopamine signaling ; large doses and prolonged usage can induce symptoms that resemble schizophrenia.

Psychostimulants have been used recently to augment the effects of serotonergic drugs in paraphiliacs.

Altered pH or complex formation may alter the bioavailability of other drugs, such as tetracycline and amphetamine.

Various tryptamine and phenethylamine / amphetamine derivatives such as αET, αMT, amphetamine ( itself ), methamphetamine, MDMA, 4-MTA, PMA, 2C-T-7, and 2C-T-21 may also have weak to strong MAOI effects at high doses.

Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system.

Drugs that can induce psychotic symptoms include amphetamine, caffeine ( which can worsen psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and produce olfactory hallucinations at very high doses in normal volunteers ), cannabis, cocaine, desoxypipradrol, dimethyltryptamine, alcohol ( ethanol ), inhalants, gammahydroxybutyric acid ( and its precursors gammabutyrolactone and 1, 4-butanediol ), ketamine, LSD, mephedrone and methcathinone, mescaline and other phenethylamine hallucinogens, methamphetamine, MDMA ( very rarely, likely due to different phethylamines that are sometimes sold as MDMA, or even piperazine derivatives sold as " extacy "), opiates such as heroin, phencyclidine, piperazine-based drugs, psilocybin, and anabolic steroids at high doses.

Drugs that can induce psychosis experimentally and / or in a significant proportion of patients include amphetamine and other sympathomimetics, dopamine agonists, ketamine, corticosteroids ( often with mood changes in addition ), and some anticonvulsants such as vigabatrin.

The two major sources of evidence given to support this theory are that dopamine receptor D2 blocking drugs ( i. e., antipsychotics ) tend to reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms, and that drugs which boost dopamine activity ( such as amphetamines and cocaine ) can trigger psychosis in some people ( see amphetamine psychosis ).

The TCAs were used in the past in the clinical treatment of ADHD, though they are not typically used anymore on account of being replaced by more effective agents with fewer side effects such as atomoxetine ( Strattera, Tomoxetin, Attentin ) and stimulants like methylphenidate ( Ritalin, Focalin, Concerta ), and amphetamine ( Adderall, Dexedrine ).

In cases of true drug-induced hypomania, discontinuation of the antidepressant or drug that has triggered the episode — for example steroid therapy or stimulants such as amphetamine — usually causes a fairly swift return to normal mood.

Additionally some psychostimulant drugs that have an amphetamine like mode of action, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine, have bronchodilating effects and were used often for asthma due to the lack of effective β2-agonists for use as bronchdilators, but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilation effect.

Amphetamines are a group of phenylethylamine stimulants such as amphetamine and methamphetamine.

The acute administration of stimulants such as amphetamine typically produces hyperglycemia ; chronic use, however, produces hypoglycemia.

Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine may also produce similar symptoms.

The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are opioids, such as heroin, morphine, and oxycodone, of which a well-known effect is the significant reduction of libido – it appears that teenage opioid users have significantly reduced rates of conception compared to their non-using, and alcohol, " ecstasy ", cannabis, and amphetamine using peers.

It can also be used to test for such substances as opiates ( e. g. codeine, heroin ), and phenethylamines ( e. g. methamphetamine, amphetamine ).

PEA acts as a releasing agent of norepinephrine and dopamine, and produces effects very similar to those of amphetamine, though with markedly different pharmacokinetics such as a far shorter duration of action.

These drugs appear to produce a different spectrum of psychological effects from major stimulants such as methamphetamine and amphetamine or from major psychedelic drugs such as LSD or psilocybin.

These terminals are also the site of action of highly-addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine, which cause a manifold increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Recent evidence on a variety of animal models of psychosis, such as sensitization of animal behaviour by amphetamine, or phencyclidine ( PCP, Angel Dust ), or excess steroids, or by removing various genes ( COMT, DBH, GPRK6, RGS9, RIIbeta ), or making brain lesions in newborn animals, or delivering animals abnormally by Caesarian section, all induce a marked behavioural supersensitivity to dopamine and a marked rise in the number of dopamine D < sub > 2 </ sub > receptors in the high-affinity state for dopamine.

DRIs such as cocaine and methylphenidate and combination releasing agents such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA (" ecstasy ") are widely used recreationally throughout the world.

Additional note: Dopamine releasing agents ( DRAs ) such as psychostimulants of the amphetamine class also act as DRIs secondarily to their releasing action.

Amphetamines are often used for their therapeutic effects ; physicians occasionally prescribe amphetamines to treat major depression, where subjects do not respond well to traditional SSRI medications, and numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of drugs such as Adderall in controlling symptoms associated with ADD / ADHD.

Adderall is not currently prescribed inside Korea, but other stimulant medications such as Ritalin are.

Medications used to treat attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder such as methylphenidate ( Ritalin ) and Adderall effectively increase norepinehprine and dopamine levels, thereby increasing vasoconstriction and blood pressure.

In an April 27, 2009, article in The New Yorker on neuroenhancement, Phillips was quoted at length discussing his use of prescription drugs such as Adderall and Provigil to improve his focus and concentration during tournament play.

* Stimulants such as Amphetamine ( Adderall ) and Methylphenidate ( Ritalin ) are indicated for childhood attention deficit disorder Benzphetamine ( Didrex )( ADD / ADHD ), but are often prescribed to treat this condition in adults, as well.

Students prepare for the exams and papers by pulling all-night study sessions, often with the aid of stimulants such as coffee, caffeine tablets, Adderall, and energy drinks.

Psycho stimulants such as Ritalin, amphetamine-related stimulant drugs: e. g., Adderall, and antidepressants such as Wellbutrin have been successfully used to treat ADHD with a 78 % success rate.

* Dopamine releasing agents ( DRAs ) such as amphetamine ( Adderall, Dexedrine ; " Speed "), lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse ), methamphetamine ( Desoxyn ; " Meth ", " Crank ", " Crystal ", etc.

Next were films such as The Winds of the Aures ( 1965 ) of Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, Patrol To The East ( 1972 ) of Amar Laskri, Prohibited Area of Ahmed Lallem, ( 1972 ), The Opium and the stick of Ahmed Rachedi, or The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) which is an Algerian-Italian film selected three times at the Oscars.

Like other scholars of his day ( such as Edward Tylor ), Morgan argued that human societies could be classified into categories of cultural evolution on a scale of progression that ranged from savagery, to barbarism, to civilization.

The earliest Greek word for a statue is " delight " ( άγαλμα: agalma ), and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision.

The appellate court will typically be deferential to the lower court's findings of fact ( such as whether a defendant committed a particular act ), unless clearly erroneous, and so will focus on the court's application of the law to those facts ( such as whether the act found by the court to have occurred fits a legal definition at issue ).

Examples of such courts include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals ( which existed from 1844 to 1947 ), the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors ( which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court ), the Kentucky Court of Errors ( renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court ), and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals ( since renamed the Supreme Court of Mississippi ).

An example would be the systems being put in place for senior people such as fall detectors, thermometers ( for hypothermia risk ), flooding and unlit gas sensors ( for people with mild dementia ).

In other types of alphabet either the vowels are not indicated at all, as was the case in the Phoenician alphabet ( such systems are known as abjads ), or else the vowels are shown by diacritics or modification of consonants, as in the devanagari used in India and Nepal ( these systems are known as abugidas or alphasyllabaries ).

While most alphabets have letters composed of lines ( linear writing ), there are also exceptions such as the alphabets used in Braille, fingerspelling, and Morse code.

Since a coulomb is approximately equal to elementary charges ( such as electrons ), one ampere is approximately equivalent to elementary charges moving past a boundary in one second, or the reciprocal of the value of the elementary charges in coulombs.

However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device.

The genus Allium includes some of the most widely used edible plants, such as onion and shallot ( varieties of Allium cepa ), garlic ( A. sativum and A. scordoprasum ), leek ( Allium ampeloprasum var.

porrum ), and various flavourings such as chives ( Allium schoenoprasum ).

The order is a cosmopolite ( plants found throughout most of the world including desert and frigid zones ), and includes mostly herbaceous species, although a small number of trees ( such as the giant Lobelia and the giant Senecio ) and shrubs are also present.

It lists 144 items of shared basic vocabulary ( most of them already present in Starostin 1991 ), including words for such items as ' eye ', ' ear ', ' neck ', ' bone ', ' blood ', ' water ', ' stone ', ' sun ', and ' two '.

Words primarily used in Austria are Jänner ( January ) rather than Januar, heuer ( this year ) rather than dieses Jahr, Stiege ( stairs ) instead of Treppe, Rauchfang ( chimney ) instead of Schornstein, many administrative, legal and political terms – and a whole series of foods and vegetables such as: Erdäpfel ( potatoes ) German Kartoffeln ( but Dutch Aardappel ), Schlagobers ( whipped cream ) German Schlagsahne, Faschiertes ( ground beef ) German Hackfleisch, Fisolen ( green beans ) German Gartenbohne ( but Czech fazole and Italian fagioli ), Karfiol ( cauliflower ) German Blumenkohl ( but Italian cavolfiore ), Kohlsprossen ( Brussels sprouts ) German Rosenkohl, Marillen ( apricots ) German Aprikosen but Slovak marhuľa, Paradeiser ( tomatoes ) German Tomaten, Palatschinken ( pancakes ) German Pfannkuchen ( but Czech palačinky ), Topfen ( a semi-sweet cottage cheese ) German Quark and Kren ( horseradish ) German Meerrettich ( but Czech křen ).

For example for any ( even infinite ) collection of pairs of shoes, one can pick out the left shoe from each pair to obtain an appropriate selection, but for an infinite collection of pairs of socks ( assumed to have no distinguishing features ), such a selection can be obtained only by invoking the axiom of choice.

: There is a set A such that for all functions f ( on the set of non-empty subsets of A ), there is a B such that f ( B ) does not lie in B.