In the vicinity of the city, there are a great number of ancient cemeteries ( like Kom Ishu, Kom El-Farag, Sidi Ghazi, Kom Defshu, Kom El-Terfayeh, and Tell El-Kanaies ), where remains of pottery and some rocks from the Ptolemaic Era can be found.

It is from this context where every claim can be called true that stories arose such like that Cleopatra was black ( she was as Greek as the rest of the Ptolemaic family ), or Moses ( see Henri Gamache ) or that Aristotle copied all of his work from the Library of Alexandria ( which was founded after his death ).

( At Ptolemaic Decrees topic can be found the listing of the 3-Stone Series.

The language and layout used in the inscription suggests that the work can be dated to the Ptolemaic period, perhaps during the reign of king Ptolemy V ( 205 – 180 BC ).

Russell also refers to Aristotle's ethics as " repulsive ", and calls his logic " as definitely antiquated as Ptolemaic astronomy ".

Egypt's final surrender following Cleopatra's death also marks the final demise of both the Hellenistic Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

Other than collecting works from the past, the library was also home to a host of international scholars, well-patronized by the Ptolemaic dynasty with travel, lodging and stipends for their whole families.

This story may also be construed erroneously to show the power of Alexandria over Athens during the Ptolemaic dynasty.

The Ptolemaic dynasty, (, sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagides,, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus ) was a Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

It is also known from Livy that the mines and the forests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same happened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system that was used in Ptolemaic Egypt.

By Ptolemaic times ( 305 – 30 BC ), Khoiak also included the planting of seeds in an " Osiris bed ", a mummy-shaped bed of soil, connecting the resurrection of Osiris with the seasonal growth of plants.

It also diminishes Ptolemaic naval power.

In astronomy, the geocentric model ( also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system ), is the theory that the Earth is the orbital center for all celestial bodies.

Ptolemy I Soter I (, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr, i. e. Ptolemy ( pronounced ) the Savior ), also known as Ptolemy Lagides, c. 367 BC – c. 283 BC, was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Egypt ( 323 BC – 283 BC ) and founder of both the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Delegates from the principal clergies of the kingdom gathered in synod, under the patronage of the High Priest of Ptah and in the presence of the pharaoh, to establish the religious policy of country for years to come, also dictating fees and taxes, creating new foundations, and paying tribute to the Ptolemaic rulers.

The significance of this Serapsi in the Hellenic psyche, due to its involvement in Alexander's death, may have also contributed to the choice of Osiris-Apis as the chief Ptolemaic god.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

For example, the Ptolemaic theory contained numerous ad hoc assumptions ; the Copernican theory is simple and parsimonious, and also more accurate.

I confirm this view not only by refuting Ptolemy's and Aristotle's arguments, but also by producing many for the other side, especially some pertaining to physical effects whose causes perhaps cannot be determined in any other way, and other astronomical discoveries ; these discoveries clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree admirably with this other position and confirm it.

In 1618, Robert Fludd devised a mundane monochord ( also celestial or divine monochord ) that linked the Ptolemaic universe to musical intervals.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

His long-time friend and ally Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Ptolemaic Egypt, also promised to send 9, 000 soldiers and 50 war elephants.

On Mark's return, he found that the church in Alexandria had grown significantly, and that they were able to build a church for themselves at Bucalis on the shore of the eastern harbor of Alexandria, also known as the Portus Magnus of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemaic Companions were also equipped with a large round aspis cavalry shield unlike the Companions of Phillip and Alexander.

During this period, the term " Coele Syria and Phoenicia " or " Coele Syria " was also used in a narrower sense to refer the former Ptolemaic territory which the Seleucids controlled, being the area south of the river Eleutherus.

This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually, first, with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then, more firmly, with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions.

In fact, although the Copernican heliocentric model is often described as " demoting " Earth from its central role it had in the Ptolemaic geocentric model, neither Copernicus nor other 15th-and 16th-century scientists and philosophers viewed it as such.

More importantly, the incontrovertible discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than the Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, or the geocentric theory in which everything orbits around the Earth.

More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than the Earth dealt a blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, which held that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it.

Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees ( the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca.

Despite the clear collapse of their power, and the decline of their kingdom around them, nobles continued to play kingmakers on a regular basis, with occasional intervention from Ptolemaic Egypt and other outside powers.

The Renaissance, on the other hand, saw the rise of science, in such forms as the dethronement of the Ptolemaic theory of the universe, the distinction of astronomy from astrology, and of chemistry from alchemy.

An ancient and alternative way in which women managed to rise to power, especially without displacing the direct male line descendants of the first monarchs, is the historical Consortium or Coregency between husband and wife or other relatives, the most notable of these being the cases of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, as well as the Ptolemaic Dynasty's Kings and Queens.

Although little was known about their archaeological find contexts, Graf went as far as to ascribe the portraits to known Ptolemaic pharaohs by analogy with other works of art, mainly coin portraits.

Zahi Hawass displays a Ptolemaic statue discovered at Taposiris Magna on May 8, 2010Hawass spearheaded a movement to return many prominent unique and / or irregularly taken Ancient Egyptian artifacts, such as the Rosetta Stone, the bust of Nefertiti, the Dendera zodiac ceiling painting from the Dendera Temple, the bust of Ankhhaf ( the architect of the Khafra Pyramid ), the faces of Amenhotep III's tomb at the Louvre Museum, the Luxor Temple's obelisk at the Place de la Concorde and the statue of Hemiunu, nephew of the Pharaoh Khufu, builder of the largest pyramid, to Egypt from collections in various other countries.

In the Copernican system the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, while in the Ptolemaic system everything in the Universe circles around the Earth.

On the other hand, because of the intersecting deferents of Mars and the Sun ( see diagram ), it went against the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian notion that the planets were placed within nested spheres.

Dante Alighieri's knowledge of Ptolemaic astronomy, which is evident in his Divina Commedia as well as other works such as the Convivio, seems to have been drawn from his reading of Alfraganus.

A serapeum is a temple or other religious institution dedicated to the syncretic Hellenistic-Egyptian god Serapis, who combined aspects of Osiris and Apis in a humanized form that was accepted by the Ptolemaic Greeks of Alexandria.

The Ptolemaic view of the universe endured until Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and other early modern astronomers replaced it with heliocentrism.

For the most part, the other ruins date from the Ptolemaic times, more especially with the reigns of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Ptolemy Epiphanes, and Ptolemy Philometor ( 282-145 BC ), with many traces of Roman work in Philae dedicated to Ammon-Osiris.

The last Numidian king Juba II and his wife, the Greek Ptolemaic princess Cleopatra Selene II were forced to flee the other part of Numidian kingdom because the local population disapproved of their king being too Romanized, which caused civil unrest between 26 BC-20 BC.

This observation essentially ruled out the Ptolemaic system, and was compatible only with the Copernican system and the Tychonic system and other geoheliocentric models such as the Capellan and Riccioli's extended Capellan model.

Ptolemaic rulers wore the Pschent in Egypt only and wore the diadem in the other territories