In Ptolemaic terms, however, eclipses and retrograde motion were phenomena simpliciter, to be explained directly as possible resultants of epicyclical combinations.

Greek organizations in Ptolemaic Egypt were called koinon.

These invaders appeared in Asia Minor in 278 – 277 BC ; others invaded Macedonia, killed the Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy Ceraunus but were eventually ousted by Antigonus Gonatas, the grandson of the defeated Diadoch Antigonus the One-Eyed.

Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice.

Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees ( the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca.

Ancient Greek was widely known to scholars, but the details of its use in the Hellenistic period as a government language in Ptolemaic Egypt were not familiar: large scale discoveries of Greek papyri were a long way in the future.

* The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion: Based on the geometrical model of Eudoxus of Cnidus, Ptolemy's Almagest, demonstrated that calculations could compute the exact positions of the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets in the future and in the past, and showed how these computational models were derived from astronomical observations.

The physical basis for Ptolemaic models invoked layers of spherical shells, though the most complex models were inconsistent with this physical explanation.

It is also known from Livy that the mines and the forests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same happened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system that was used in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Towards the close of the 2nd century BC, when the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were equally depressed, the Nabataean kingdom came to the front.

The Eudoxan planetary model, on which the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic models were based, was the first geometric explanation for the " wandering " of the classical planets.

The renowned scribe Amenhotep and a wise man named Teôs were equally deified as gods of wisdom, science and medicine and thus placed alongside Imhotep in shrines dedicated to Thoth-Hermes during the Ptolemaic period.

Drusilla with her brother, were the only grandchildren of African king Juba I of Numidia, Ptolemaic Greek queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and were among the younger grandchildren of Roman Triumvir Mark Antony.

Rising to the throne at the age of eighteen in 223 BC, his early campaigns against the Ptolemaic Kingdom were unsuccessful, but in the following years Antiochus gained several military victories.

They were only outlived by the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt by roughly 34 years.

Both enslavement for debt and debt bondage were practiced in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Later on, Egypt's Ptolemaic kings were to argue that Cleopatra I had received Coele-Syria as her dowry and, therefore, this territory again belonged to Egypt.

Later, in the Ptolemaic period of Egyptian history, chambers were constructed, painted with images of Bes and his wife Beset, thought by Egyptologists to have been for the purpose of curing fertility problems or general healing rituals.

In the Ptolemaic system the models for each of the planets were different and so it was with Copernicus ' initial models.

According to one school of thought in the history of astronomy, minor imperfections in the original Ptolemaic system were discovered through observations accumulated over time.

Faiyum's earliest Greek inhabitants were soldier-veterans and cleruchs ( elite military officials ) who were settled by the Ptolemaic kings on reclaimed lands.

Russell also refers to Aristotle's ethics as " repulsive ", and calls his logic " as definitely antiquated as Ptolemaic astronomy ".

Egypt's final surrender following Cleopatra's death also marks the final demise of both the Hellenistic Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

Other than collecting works from the past, the library was also home to a host of international scholars, well-patronized by the Ptolemaic dynasty with travel, lodging and stipends for their whole families.

This story may also be construed erroneously to show the power of Alexandria over Athens during the Ptolemaic dynasty.

The Ptolemaic dynasty, (, sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagides,, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus ) was a Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

By Ptolemaic times ( 305 – 30 BC ), Khoiak also included the planting of seeds in an " Osiris bed ", a mummy-shaped bed of soil, connecting the resurrection of Osiris with the seasonal growth of plants.

It also diminishes Ptolemaic naval power.

In astronomy, the geocentric model ( also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system ), is the theory that the Earth is the orbital center for all celestial bodies.

Ptolemy I Soter I (, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr, i. e. Ptolemy ( pronounced ) the Savior ), also known as Ptolemy Lagides, c. 367 BC – c. 283 BC, was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Egypt ( 323 BC – 283 BC ) and founder of both the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Delegates from the principal clergies of the kingdom gathered in synod, under the patronage of the High Priest of Ptah and in the presence of the pharaoh, to establish the religious policy of country for years to come, also dictating fees and taxes, creating new foundations, and paying tribute to the Ptolemaic rulers.

The significance of this Serapsi in the Hellenic psyche, due to its involvement in Alexander's death, may have also contributed to the choice of Osiris-Apis as the chief Ptolemaic god.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

For example, the Ptolemaic theory contained numerous ad hoc assumptions ; the Copernican theory is simple and parsimonious, and also more accurate.

I confirm this view not only by refuting Ptolemy's and Aristotle's arguments, but also by producing many for the other side, especially some pertaining to physical effects whose causes perhaps cannot be determined in any other way, and other astronomical discoveries ; these discoveries clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree admirably with this other position and confirm it.

Ptolemaic can also refer to other people or objects called Ptolemy, see Ptolemy ( name ).

In 1618, Robert Fludd devised a mundane monochord ( also celestial or divine monochord ) that linked the Ptolemaic universe to musical intervals.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

His long-time friend and ally Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Ptolemaic Egypt, also promised to send 9, 000 soldiers and 50 war elephants.

On Mark's return, he found that the church in Alexandria had grown significantly, and that they were able to build a church for themselves at Bucalis on the shore of the eastern harbor of Alexandria, also known as the Portus Magnus of the Ptolemaic dynasty.