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Pujol and his handler Tomás ( Tommy ) Harris spent the rest of the war expanding the fictional network, communicating at first by letter, later by radio.
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Pujol and Tomás
But after he passed an MI5 security check conducted by two MI5 officers ( Cyril Mills and Tomás Harris ) and an MI6 officer ( Desmond Bristow ), Mills ( who Pujol only ever knew as Mr Grey ) suggested that his code name be changed to, after Greta Garbo.
Pujol and Harris
Together, Harris and Pujol wrote 315 letters, averaging 2, 000 words, addressed to a post office box in Lisbon supplied by the Germans.
Responding to German requests for speedier communication, in 1943 Pujol and Harris created a fictional radio mechanic to communicate directly.
Pujol and spent
The Allies finally accepted Pujol when the Germans spent considerable resources attempting to hunt down a fictional convoy.
Pujol and war
Pujol had a key role in the success of Operation Fortitude, the deception operation intended to mislead the Germans about the timing and location of the invasion of Normandy near the end of the war.
As, Pujol was, on 29 July 1944, awarded the Iron Cross Second Class for his services to the German war effort.
However, with the conservative People's Party waging a political war against the Catalan Statute of Autonomy and opposing recognition for the language in the east of Aragon, Pujol has stated that, at least since before the Spanish transition to democracy, " there is more aggression towards Catalonia than ever ", and that Catalans can " no longer hope for anything from the Spanish state ".
Pujol and network
Joan Pujol Garcia, known by the British code name Garbo and the German code name Arabel, was a double agent loyal to the Allies who played a crucial role in the deception by supplying Germany with detailed information from a network of non-existent sub-agents supporting the idea that the main invasion was to be in the Pas-de-Calais.
Pujol and communicating
Pujol had been supposedly communicating with the Germans via a courier, a KLM pilot willing to carry messages for cash.
Pujol and at
The third of four children, Pujol was sent at age seven to the Valldemia boarding school run by the Marist Brothers in Mataró, twenty miles from Barcelona and remained there for the next four years.
Pujol engaged in a variety of occupations prior to and after the Spanish Civil War, such as studying animal husbandry at the Royal Poultry School in Arenys de Mar and managing various businesses, including a cinema.
In 1940, during the early days of World War II, Pujol decided that he must make a contribution " for the good of humanity " ( and to oppose the Franco regime ) by helping Britain – which, with its Empire, was Germany's only adversary at the time.
This was Operation Overlord, and Pujol played a leading role in the deception and misinformation campaign Operation Fortitude, sending over 500 radio messages between January 1944 and D-Day, at times more than twenty messages per day.
* " Joseph Pujol, the Fartiste " at easyweb. easynet. co. uk
After studying with his mother, Clara Romero, at the Havana Municipal Conservatory, Isaac Nicola ( 1916 – 1997 ) continued his training in Paris with Emilio Pujol, a disciple of Francisco Tárrega.
The June Days Uprising broke out at once, during 24 — 26 June, when the eastern industrial quarter of Paris, led by < span lang =" fr "> Pujol </ span >, fought the western quarter, led by < span lang =" fr "> Cavaignac </ span >, who had been appointed dictator.
Pujol was born in Barcelona, studied at the German School of Barcelona and received a medical degree from the University of Barcelona.
Pujol was re-elected at the 1979 General Election but resigned from the parliament in 1980.
Pujol was succeeded in the party leadership by Artur Mas ( CDC ), while Unió's leader ( second at the CiU level ) is Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida.
They were at that time already running ' Garbo ' ( Juan Pujol ), ' Zig-Zag ' ( Eddie Chapman ) and ' Tricycle ' ( Dusan Popov ), supposedly German agents, to whom they were paying large sums but who were actually working for the British.
* Laëtitia Pujol, étoile at the Ballet de l ' Opéra National de Paris
In 1946, Pujol began his guitar classes at the Lisbon Conservatory of Music which continued through to 1969, perhaps the first instance of guitar instruction being included in an academic institution.
Pujol and first
Sir John Masterman's The Double Cross System reveals that Bazna was a British agent from the first, controlled by the group under Masterman that ran Eddie Chapman, Dusko Popov, and Juan Pujol Garcia ( Garbo ).
His first high responsibilities in the Catalan government came during the presidency of Jordi Pujol, President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003.
The Catalan conservative nationalist leader Jordi Pujol came to power in the first regional elections in 1980 and his two-party coalition, Convergence and Unity ( Convergència i Unió, CiU ), won successive regional elections by absolute majority for 19 years and ruled the Generalitat for 23 consecutive years.
Pujol fondly remembered his first encounter with Tárrega and in his biography of his teacher, he described his mestre in very endearing, romantic terms.
Pujol and by
Joan Pujol Garcia ( Catalan ; ), MBE ( 14 February 1912 – 10 October 1988 ) deliberately became a double agent during World War II, known by the British codename and the German codename.
The British had become aware that someone had been feeding the Germans misinformation, and realised the value of this after the German navy wasted resources attempting to hunt down a non-existent convoy reported to them by Pujol.
Although a baker by profession, Pujol would entertain his customers by imitating musical instruments, and claim to be playing them behind the counter.
With the outbreak of World War I, Pujol, horrified by the inhumanity of the conflict, retired from the stage and returned to his bakery in Marseille.
* 1903 recording by " Mr Lefires " a Pujol imitator
* Joan Pujol Garcia ( Garbo ), a Spaniard who managed to get recruited by German intelligence, and sent them abundant but convincing misinformation from Lisbon, until the allies accepted his offer and he was employed by the British.
* " Promenade ' Round the Cochlea " by R. Pujol, S. Blatrix, T. Pujol et al.
From 1977 to 1980, Pujol was Minister without portfolio in the Provisional government of Catalonia, presided by Josep Tarradellas.
A lifelong federalist, Pujol has recently become very disenfranchised by the Spanish political arena.
At the Catalan level, CiU ruled the autonomous Catalan government during the 1980s until 2003 for 23 consecutive years led by Jordi Pujol ( CDC ).
The party's founder, Jordi Pujol, was strogly influenced by the Swedish welfare model, and tries to apply some of its features in Catalonia in the 1980s.
This was how Juan Pujol Garcia, alias Garbo, was discovered in Lisbon, where he was sending the Germans such information as " Glasgow dockers would do anything for a litre of red wine " and was subsequently employed by the British.
Pujol and .
Pujol had the distinction of being one of the few people – if there were any others – during World War II to receive decorations from both sides, gaining both an Iron Cross from the Germans and an MBE from the British.
Pujol and his wife contacted the British and American intelligence agencies, but each rejected his offer.
Although the information would not have withstood close examination, Pujol soon established himself as a trustworthy agent.
The family was moved to Britain and Pujol was given the code name.
The false information Pujol supplied helped persuade German intelligence that the main attack would be in the Pas de Calais, keeping two armoured divisions and 19 infantry divisions there for two months after the Normandy invasion.
Pujol was born in the Catalan city of Barcelona, Spain on 14 February 1912 ( or possibly 28 February 1912 ) to Juan Pujol, a Catalan who owned a factory that produced dye, and Mercedes Guijarro Garcia, from the Andalusian town of Motril in the Province of Granada.
His father died a few months after the Second Republic's birth in 1931, while Pujol was completing his education as a poultry farmer.
In 1931, Pujol did his six months of compulsory military service in a cavalry unit, the 7th Regiment of Light Artillery.
Pujol was managing a poultry farm north of Barcelona in 1936 when the Spanish Civil War began.
He initially approached the British three different times, including through his wife ( though Pujol edited her participation out of his memoirs ), but they showed no interest in employing him as a spy.
Pujol created an identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official who could travel to London on official business ; he also had created for himself a fake Spanish diplomatic passport via fooling a printer into thinking Pujol worked for the Spanish embassy in Lisbon.
Pujol operated as a double agent under the XX Committee's aegis.
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